1. 表轉折：
but, however, yet, in fact, on the other hand;
A, but B: 否定A而肯定B，則A，B兩部分內容是相反的。
例如：Computerized data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded thepaper less office. But, contrary to expectations, paper consumption throughoutthe world shows no sign of abating .
解釋?zhuān)簆aper less 表示負向，則but后no sign of abating 表示正向，所以abating是表示負向的詞。
總結：此種方法有利于在不認識單詞的前提下讀懂句子意思，很有幫助，但一定要練習，而且要敏感。
練習：The marginal costs of generating electricity from nuclear energy may betiny, but , as the technology now stands, huge and uncertain costs are involvedin building the power stations, dealing with spent fuel, anddecommissioning.
2. 表讓步：
(1)although：although A, B:盡管有A，B還是出現了(A，B互不影響)若A是正，那B就是負的。
例如：Although the world regards Asia as the focus of an economic andindustrial miracle, without adequate supplies of food, Lampe says, chaos couldeasily result in many countries.
解釋?zhuān)簃iracle奇跡，表正向,則but后的chaos是一個(gè)表負向的詞。
(2)while：五個(gè)含義：
A. although：雖然，盡管
B. as long as：只要
C. whereas, but：表轉折
D.when：當。。。的時(shí)候
E. n. 表一段時(shí)間
例如：While ducks offer many advantages over hens, they must be given greaterquality of food, especially if regular eggs are desired.
解釋?zhuān)涸脑诒径沃爸v鴨子的好，在本段之后講它的不好。
(3)Albeit：盡管，雖然
例如：Albeit true but not now.
3. 表并列：A and B
A...and B...
(1) 并列雙方性質(zhì)相同;
(2) 當A、B都比較復雜時(shí)，應該從最后一項找起，根據B的形式到前文找到A
例如：The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrowstreets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs,lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.
解釋?zhuān)捍司湓?huà)中共有四個(gè)and ,第一個(gè)and 并列of 結構，第二個(gè)and 并列fumes和toxic,第三個(gè)and并列taxicabs,lorries 和buses, 第四個(gè)and并列full of …, torn by… 和thronged…
4 表遞進(jìn)：沒(méi)有轉折的意思，后項承接上文。
A furthermore B
A moreover B
A besides B
A為正向，B 仍為正向。
5 表順序或過(guò)程：
(1) first, then, next, later on, finally
(2) 1st, 2nd, 3rd…
(3) in the first place, in the second place…
(4) before…, after…
(5) once, until, as soon as,…
6 特殊的關(guān)鍵詞：人名，地名，時(shí)間，數字，生詞(這是最好的定位標準，多以A---A形式重現)
7.比較級：類(lèi)比
對比
(1) as…as, like 類(lèi)比
(2) more…than, unlike 對比
(3) 不同的時(shí)間導致強的對比關(guān)系
例如：一段講1840年,…
1919年.。。
二段講2003年出現了A++(生詞)…
問(wèn)題是，2003年人們有了A++, 1840年的時(shí)候人們沒(méi)有什么?
(4) 不同的地點(diǎn)導致強對比關(guān)系
例如：In Australia, only,….
In Asia, many, A(生詞)
問(wèn)題是，Australia缺什么?
8. 例如：A for example = ：=—— B
A是理論，B是解釋
9. 因果關(guān)系：
(1) 大因果關(guān)系/分句間因果關(guān)系(即：原因、結果是兩句話(huà))
because, in that, as, since, for, so(that), therefore, thus, hence, as aresult
(2) 小因果關(guān)系/句內因果關(guān)系(在一句話(huà)中，通過(guò)v.來(lái)表達)
例如：Increased air temperature brought about higher sea levels.
Cause, lead to, result in/ from, contribute to, pose, help, create, affect,influence, attribute to.
Attribute A to B, 把A歸因于B (因為B所以A)