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全國英語(yǔ)等級考試四級綜合基礎練習題
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The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 51 —— 55, you are re-
quired to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A.——[G ] and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A. and [ E] have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
A. Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable--for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern
England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident.Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.
B.In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cow gill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now
Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city' s vast and ornate ceremonial areas,but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.
C. How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information.
Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.
D. Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Cohan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Cohan collapsed.
[ E ] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technology.es, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.
[ F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Stank human existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evan combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient
Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans' s interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knoss6s) on the island of Crete, in 1900.
[ G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful.Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and n resenting the results of archaeological research.
參考譯文
當地面上什么東西都看不到，考古學(xué)家怎么知道該去哪里尋找他們要找的東西呢?通常，他們會(huì )在大片區域做測量和取樣(做實(shí)驗性的挖掘)來(lái)決定在哪里挖掘會(huì )得到最有用的信息。測量和取樣對于了解包含考古遺址的更廣闊地貌也變得非常重要。
一些考古遺址很容易被發(fā)現一例如，希臘雅典的帕特農神廟，埃及的吉薩金字塔以及英格蘭南部的巨石陣。但是這些遺址是特例。，大多數考古遺址是通過(guò)認真的搜尋才找到的，而還有許多其他的遺址是意外發(fā)觀(guān)的。奧杜威峽谷，坦桑尼亞的早期原始人類(lèi)遺址，是被一個(gè)捉蝴蝶的人發(fā)現的，他l911年跌入奧杜威峽谷的深谷。數以千計的阿茲特克文物是在20世紀70年代挖掘墨西哥城的地鐵時(shí)發(fā)現的。
然而，大多數考古遺址都是在考古學(xué)家的努力尋找之下發(fā)現的。這樣的尋找可能需要好幾年的時(shí)間。英國考古學(xué)家霍華德·卡特通過(guò)在其他遺址得到的信息得知埃及法老圖坦卡蒙墓的存在�？ㄌ卦诘弁豕鹊乃槭凶屑毸褜ち似吣�，終于在1922年找到了他的墳墓。在19世紀末期.英國考古學(xué)家阿瑟·埃文爵士把希臘雅典的古董商店梳理了一遍。他在尋找于公元前l(fā)5世紀到l3世紀統治希臘的古邁錫尼文明的小印章。埃文對這些雕刻的解讀最終使他1900年發(fā)現了克里特島的克諾索斯的米諾斯王宮。
為了發(fā)現遺址，考古學(xué)家現在嚴重依賴(lài)系統的測量方法和各種各樣的高科技工具和技術(shù)。機載技術(shù)，例如由飛機或太空飛船攜帶的各種各樣的雷達和拍照設備使考古學(xué)家們能夠無(wú)需挖掘就了解到地下埋藏著(zhù)什么。航空勘測可以發(fā)現遺址所在的大致區域，或者更大的埋藏特征，例如古建筑或田野。
地面測量使考古學(xué)家精確地找到挖掘應該會(huì )成功的地點(diǎn)。大多數地面測量包括大量的步行、尋找地面的線(xiàn)索，例如陶器的細小碎片。它們經(jīng)常包括在一片區域內選取定點(diǎn)進(jìn)行挖掘取樣�？脊艑W(xué)家還能通過(guò)使用諸如地面雷達、磁場(chǎng)紀錄和金屬探測器等技術(shù)找到遺跡�？脊艑W(xué)家通常使用計算機繪制遺址地圖以及附近的地形圖。二維或三維的地圖對規劃挖掘、展示遺址樣貌和展示考古研究結果來(lái)說(shuō)都是有用的工具。
測量可能包括單一的大型定居點(diǎn)或者完整的地形。曾經(jīng).許多研究者通過(guò)航空拍攝和徒步測量，在洪都拉斯的古代科潘瑪雅城發(fā)現了幾百處小村莊和定居點(diǎn)。最后生成的定居地地圖展示了當科潘瓦解時(shí)，圍繞城市的農村人口的分布和密度如何在公元500年至850年之間戲劇性地變遷。
在另外一個(gè)案例中，美國考古學(xué)家雷內·米利翁和喬治·考吉爾花費數年時(shí)間系統地繪制了位于墨西哥峽谷、鄰近今天墨西哥城所在地的特奧蒂瓦坎古城的地圖。在公元600年前后，這座古城處于鼎盛時(shí)期，并成為當時(shí)全世界最大的人類(lèi)定居點(diǎn)之一。研究者不僅繪制了城市廣闊而華麗的禮儀區域，還包括了幾百處普通人居住的簡(jiǎn)單的公寓建筑。
答案及解析
51.C【解析】本題是總分關(guān)系題。該空格位于文章的起始�？崭裰蟮腁項提到“一些考古遺址很容易發(fā)現”，“但是這些遺址是特例。大多數考古遺址是通過(guò)認真的搜尋才找到的，而許多其他的遺址是意外發(fā)現的�！倍鳨項提到“為了發(fā)現遺址，考古學(xué)家現在嚴重依賴(lài)系統的測量方法和各種各樣的高科技工具和技術(shù)”，可見(jiàn)空格處所填入的句子應該起到總領(lǐng)全文的作用，即概括地
說(shuō)明考古學(xué)家使用測量和取樣的方法進(jìn)行考古發(fā)現，瀏覽所有選項，只有C項適合作為主題段，先提出全文要解決的問(wèn)題，然后給出總括性的解釋。
52.F【解析】本題是順接關(guān)系題。該空格位于全文第三段。第二段作者提到“一些考古遺址很容易發(fā)現”，“但是這些遺址是特例”并舉例說(shuō)明肉眼可見(jiàn)的遺址，以及“大多數考古遺址是通過(guò)認真的搜尋才找到的，而許多其他的遺址是意外發(fā)現的”，并舉例說(shuō)明、意外發(fā)現的遺址，而第四段E段轉而談?wù)摽脊艑W(xué)家運用何種方法進(jìn)行考古發(fā)現，由此可以推斷此段意義與前段構成順接關(guān)系，空格處可能會(huì )舉例說(shuō)明“大多數考古遺址是通過(guò)認真的搜尋才找到的”，F項提到“大多數考古遺址都是在考古學(xué)家的努力尋找之下發(fā)現的。這樣的尋找可能需要好幾年的時(shí)間”，并用兩個(gè)例子進(jìn)行支撐。
53.G【解析】本題是順接關(guān)系題。該空格位于全文第五段�？崭裰暗腅段指出“為了發(fā)現遺址，考古學(xué)家現在嚴重依賴(lài)系統的測量方法和各種各樣的高科技工具和技術(shù)”，并舉例說(shuō)明了“機載技術(shù)”和“航空勘測”兩種測量方法，而G段繼續介紹地面測量和計算機繪制遺址地圖以及附近的地形圖在考古過(guò)程中的重要作用，與前段構成順接關(guān)系�！�
54.D【解析】本題是順接關(guān)系題。該段位于全文第六段�？崭裰耙呀�(jīng)介紹了除了少數特例之外，大多數考古遺址都是在考古學(xué)家的努力尋找之下發(fā)現的，并且介紹了考古學(xué)家運用各種測量方法和先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)做出考古發(fā)現，而D段繼續介紹測量的不同方式，包括單一的定居點(diǎn)或者包括完整的地域風(fēng)貌，并舉例說(shuō)明考古學(xué)家如何通過(guò)測繪單一定居點(diǎn)的方式完成考古發(fā)現。
55.B【解析】本題是順接關(guān)系題。該空格位于全文第七段�？崭裰暗腄段已經(jīng)介紹了考古測量可以包括單一的定居點(diǎn)或者完整的地域風(fēng)貌，并舉例說(shuō)明考古學(xué)家如何通過(guò)測繪單一定居點(diǎn)的方式完成考古發(fā)現，B項中的in another case正是空格之前D段中in one case的順接關(guān)鍵詞，同時(shí)該段也舉例介紹了另外一種測量方式，即通過(guò)測繪完整的地域風(fēng)貌完成考古發(fā)現。
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