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2016同等學(xué)力申碩英語(yǔ)閱讀理解練習與解析
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閱讀理解：
Learning disabilities are very common. Theyaffect perhaps 10 percent of all children. Four times as many boys as girlshave learning disabilities.
Sinceabout 1970，new research has helped brain scientistsunderstand these problems better. Scientists now know there are many differentkinds of learning disabilities and that they are caused by many differentthings. There is no longer any question that all learning disabilities resultfrom differences in the way the brain is organized.
Youcannot look at a child and tell if he or she has a learning disability. Thereis no outward sign of the disorder. So some researchers began looking at thebrain itself to learn what might be wrong.
Inone study，researchers examined the brain of alearning-disabled person，who had died in an accident.They found two unusual things. One involved cells in the left side of the brain，which control language. These cells normally are white. In thelearning-disabled person，however，these cells were gray. The researchers also found that many of thenerve cells were not in a line the way they should have been. The nerve cellswere mixed together.
Thestudy was carried out under the guidance of Norman Geschwind，an early expert on learning disabilities. Doctor Geschwind proposedthat learning disabilities resulted mainly from problems in the left side ofthe brain. He believed this side of the brain failed to develop normally.Probably，he said，nerve cellsthere did not connect as they should. So the brain was like an electricaldevice in which the wires were crossed.
Otherresearchers did not examine brain tissue. Instead，theymeasured the brain’s electrical activity and made a map of the electricalsignals.
FrankDuffy experimented with this technique at Children’s Hospital Medical Center inBoston. Doctor Duffy found large differences in the brain activity of normalchildren and those with reading problems. The differences appeared throughoutthe brain. Doctor Duffy said his research is evidence that reading disabilitiesinvolve damage to a wide area of the brain，not just theleft side.
1.Scientists found that the brain cells of a learning-disabled person differ fromthose of a normal person in .
A.structure and function B. color and function
C.size and arrangement D. color and arrangement
2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A.Learning disabilities may result from the unknown area of the brain.
B.Learning disabilities may result from damage to a wide area of the brain.
C.Learning disabilities may result from abnormal organization of brain cells.
D.Learning disabilities may result from problems in the left side of the brain.
3.All of the following statements are true EXCEPT that .
A.many factors account for learning disorder
B.a learning-disabled person shows no outward signs
C.reading disabilities are a common problem that affects 10 percent of thepopulation
D. the brain activity of learning-disabled children isdifferent from that of normal children
4.Doctor Duffy believed that .
A. he found the exact cause of learning disabilities
B. the problem of learning disabilities was not limitedto the left side of the brain
C. the problem of learning disabilities resulted fromthe left side of the brain
D. the problem of learning disabilities did not lie inthe left side of the brain
5. According to the passage we can conclude that furtherresearches should be made .
A. to investigate possible influences on braindevelopment and organization
B. to study how children learn to read and write，and use numbers
C. to help learning-disabled children to develop theirintelligence
D. to explore how the left side of thebrain functions in language learning
【答案解析】：
無(wú)學(xué)習能力的現象非常普遍。它影響了10%的兒童。無(wú)學(xué)習能力的男孩的數量是女孩的四倍。
大約從1970年以來(lái)，新的研究已經(jīng)幫助腦科學(xué)家更好地探討了這一問(wèn)題�？茖W(xué)家現在了解到：有很多不同種類(lèi)的無(wú)學(xué)習能力，它們由許多不同的原因引起�？梢钥隙ǖ氖牵核械臒o(wú)學(xué)習能力都是由大腦組合在一起的不同方式導致的。
你不可能看一眼某個(gè)兒童就說(shuō)他或她有無(wú)無(wú)學(xué)習能力癥，這種疾病沒(méi)有外在表現。因此，一些研究人員開(kāi)始研究大腦本身，以便了解哪個(gè)部位出了什么問(wèn)題。
在一項研究中，研究人員檢查了一個(gè)死于意外事故的無(wú)學(xué)習能力者的大腦。他們發(fā)現了兩件不尋常的事情。一件是與大腦左半部的細胞有關(guān)的，這些細胞控制語(yǔ)言，這些細胞在正常情況下是白色的。然而，這個(gè)無(wú)學(xué)習能力者的細胞卻是灰色的。研究人員還發(fā)現，許多神經(jīng)細胞并沒(méi)有按照它們應該的方式排成一條直線(xiàn)，而是交織在一起。
這項研究是在諾爾曼·蓋茨維德的指導下進(jìn)行的，他是一個(gè)早期研究無(wú)學(xué)習能力的專(zhuān)家。蓋茨維德醫生指出，無(wú)學(xué)習能力主要是由于大腦左半部出現問(wèn)題造成的。他認為，大腦的這半部分沒(méi)有正常發(fā)育。他說(shuō)，神經(jīng)細胞沒(méi)有按照它們應該的方式連接起來(lái)。所以，大腦就像一個(gè)線(xiàn)路交叉在一起的電子設備。
其他研究人員沒(méi)有對腦部組織進(jìn)行研究。相反，他們檢測了腦部的電子活動(dòng)，并繪制了一幅電子信號圖。
弗蘭克·達菲在波士頓的兒童醫院醫學(xué)中心用這種技術(shù)進(jìn)行了試驗。他發(fā)現，正常兒童與那些無(wú)學(xué)習能力的兒童的腦部活動(dòng)有很大差異。這些差異遍布大腦。達菲醫生說(shuō)，他的研究證實(shí)：無(wú)學(xué)習能力與大腦許多部位的損傷有關(guān)，而不只是與大腦的左半部有關(guān)。
1. 【正確答案】D
【考點(diǎn)類(lèi)型】細節判斷
【解析過(guò)程】科學(xué)家們發(fā)現，沒(méi)有學(xué)習能力的人的大腦細胞和一個(gè)正常人的大腦細胞的不同在于。
A. 結構和功能 B. 顏色和功能
C. 大小排序 D. 顏色和排序
線(xiàn)索1：文章的第3段提到“These cells normally are white. In the learning-disabled person，however，these cells were gray.”
線(xiàn)索2：文章的第3段提到“The researchers also found that many of the nerve cells were not ina line the way they should have been. The nerve cells were mixed together.”
通過(guò)線(xiàn)索1和線(xiàn)索2的理解，我們可以判斷正確答案應該是選項D.
2. 【正確答案】A
【考點(diǎn)類(lèi)型】細節判斷
【解析過(guò)程】下面哪句話(huà)是文章沒(méi)有提到的?
A. 無(wú)學(xué)習能力可能是由于大腦不被人認知的部位造成的。
B. 無(wú)學(xué)習能力可能是由于大腦許多部位受到傷害造成的。
C. 無(wú)學(xué)習能力可能是由于腦細胞的不正常組織造成的。
D. 無(wú)學(xué)習能力可能是由于大腦左側的問(wèn)題。
線(xiàn)索1：文章的第7段提到“that reading disabilities involve damage to a wide area of thebrain，not just the left side.”表明B在原文中明確提到。
線(xiàn)索2：文章的第3段提到“... nerve cells were mixed together.”表明選項C在文章中出現。
線(xiàn)索3：文章的第5段提到“Doctor Geschwind proposed that learning disabilities resultedmainly from problems in the left side of the brain.”表明選項D在原文中明確提到。
只有選項A在原文中沒(méi)有提到。
3. 【正確答案】C
【考點(diǎn)類(lèi)型】細節排除
【解析過(guò)程】下面哪句是不正確的?
A. 許多因素導致了無(wú)學(xué)習能力。
B. 一個(gè)沒(méi)有學(xué)習能力的人不會(huì )向外展示信號。
C. 無(wú)學(xué)習能力是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題，影響全部人口的10%。
D. 沒(méi)有學(xué)習能力的孩子大腦的活動(dòng)和正常孩子的大腦活動(dòng)不同。
線(xiàn)索：文章的第1段提到“They affect perhaps10 percent of all children.”很清楚是占據了所有孩子的10%，所以選項C是錯誤答案。A選項在原文的第2段“...and that they are caused by many different things.”明確提到。B選項在原文第3段“There isno outward sign of the disorder.”明確提到。D選項在原文第4段“They found two unusual things...”明確提到。
4. 【正確答案】B
【考點(diǎn)類(lèi)型】細節判斷
【解析過(guò)程】達菲醫生認為：。
A. 他發(fā)現了無(wú)學(xué)習能力的確切原因
B. 無(wú)學(xué)習能力的問(wèn)題并不僅僅限于大腦的左側
C. 無(wú)學(xué)習能力的問(wèn)題來(lái)自于大腦的左側
D. 無(wú)學(xué)習能力的問(wèn)題不位于大腦的左側
線(xiàn)索：文章的最后一段提到“Doctor Duffy said his research is evidencethat reading disabilities involve damage to a wide area of the brain，not just the left side.”表明選項B是正確答案。選項C在文章中第4段提到了，但不是達菲說(shuō)的。
5. 【正確答案】A
【考點(diǎn)類(lèi)型】細節判斷
【解析過(guò)程】根據文章，我們可以得出結論：進(jìn)一步的研究將應該。
A. 調查可能影響大腦發(fā)展和組織的因素
B. 去研究孩子們是如何學(xué)習讀書(shū)和習字，并且使用數字
C. 幫助無(wú)學(xué)習能力的孩子發(fā)展他們的智力
D. 去探索大腦的左半部分在語(yǔ)言學(xué)習時(shí)發(fā)揮的功能
這篇短文所涉及的內容主要是關(guān)于無(wú)學(xué)習能力的人的大腦的發(fā)展和組織結構，所以選項A是正確答案。
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