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留學(xué)網(wǎng) > 雅思考試 > 雅思考試寫(xiě)作題中階段概念及用法

雅思考試寫(xiě)作題中階段概念及用法

發(fā)布時(shí)間:2017-08-14編輯:Misrong

    應屆畢業(yè)生留學(xué)網(wǎng)頻道
    1.背景介紹

  根據多年來(lái)對雅思寫(xiě)作大作文的分析研究,盡管議論文的話(huà)題繁多,但其問(wèn)題模式都可以歸屬于兩大類(lèi),討論類(lèi)和分析解決類(lèi),討論類(lèi)常見(jiàn)的如:

  To what extent do you agree or disagree?

  What is your opinion?

  Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages.

  而分析解決是指對某一負面現象進(jìn)行原因的分析,再給出解決方法。如:

  Discuss the possible causes of this phenomenon and suggest some recommendations about how to combat it.

  上述兩類(lèi)相信參加過(guò)雅思考試或者在準備的烤鴨們都已經(jīng)非常熟悉了,那么在考試中出現幾率較高的是第一類(lèi)討論型的題目,占了百分之八十以上,所以學(xué)會(huì )此類(lèi)題目的論證過(guò)程的擴展對議論文分數的提高起關(guān)鍵作用。

  在雅思寫(xiě)作的評分標準中,我們看到前兩個(gè)評分標準中,均出現了對段落擴展的描述,第一個(gè)評分標準task response,指任務(wù)完成度,在文章內容方面的體現即文章是否回答了題目的關(guān)于topic的論證,是否都圍繞主題,無(wú)偏題離題現象發(fā)生,能否完整全面的對話(huà)題進(jìn)行論證。而第二點(diǎn)coherence and cohesion,指連貫和銜接,內容是否連貫,很大程度上取決于論證過(guò)程的擴展是否有緊密關(guān)聯(lián),有無(wú)邏輯性?梢(jiàn)議論文論證過(guò)程的合理有邏輯的擴展非常重要。

  2.讓步段的概念及用法

  在議論文中,常見(jiàn)的論證方法很多,如舉例子、解釋、類(lèi)比、對比、列數據等,下面要給大家總結介紹一類(lèi)在論證中能否體現論證的全面性的方法,即讓步的論證方法,首先我們來(lái)看幾個(gè)句型:

  1. As is granted, … However, convincing arguments have been made that …

  2. Opponents would argue that… However, …

  3. Although/ In spite of the fact that …, people tend to believe that …

  4. It is undeniable that …

  從以上三個(gè)句型,我們看出讓步就是先退一步承認自己不同意的一個(gè)事實(shí),再對其進(jìn)行反駁,如某人去面試,老板要拒絕聘請錄用這個(gè)員工,他會(huì )在拒絕前先說(shuō)一番承認這個(gè)人在某些方面還不錯的一些話(huà),這就是讓步。這樣論證的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是更加全面的論證,不會(huì )一味的一邊倒,就片面的認為一個(gè)事件的存在只有優(yōu)點(diǎn)或只有缺點(diǎn),且論證也更有說(shuō)服力。這種論證方法常出現在討論類(lèi)的單邊論證中,我們來(lái)看一個(gè)題目:

  The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

  針對這樣一個(gè)題目,通過(guò)審題,題目要求考生探討圖書(shū)館是否需要提供高科技媒體。根據分析,我們可以得出單邊論證的結構,同意提供多媒體。具體結構參照如下:

  Introduction: State my opinion

  The hi-tech media should been provided by the public libraries.

  Body: Ph 1 Making concession

  Multimedia facilities are expensive.

  Ph 2 Reason one to support my opinion.

  Hi-tech media can store information much longer than traditional means.

  Ph 3 Reason two to support my opinion

  Visiting a library with multimedia access is much more interesting.

  Conclusion: Restate my opinion

  The investment is justified and should be encouraged.

  從上述結構我們看出作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)是支持提供高科技媒體,但這個(gè)論證過(guò)程非常全面,它先在論證的第一段就退一步承認其缺點(diǎn),然后再就這一點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反駁,這個(gè)段落就是讓步段,參考之前提供句型,得出這一段:Opponents of a high-tech library would argue that multimedia facilities are expensive. This may be true to some extent, because a DVD player is often more expensive than a bookshelf. However, with immense storage capacity, these new high-tech media can actually save the most valuable resource-space.

  讓步段還可以運用到討論類(lèi)另一種結構中,筆者謂之雙邊傾向論證。我們通過(guò)一個(gè)具體的實(shí)例來(lái)解釋這種論證結構以及讓步在其中的用法。

  There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones?

  建議此題一定要認真審題,因為這個(gè)問(wèn)題模式對文章的結構有著(zhù)直接的影響。它有兩問(wèn),第一問(wèn)要回答手機的三個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題,第二問(wèn)優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)討論,結合這兩問(wèn),得出文章結構如下:

  Introduction: State my opinion

  The problems of mobile phones far exceed the merits.

  Body: Ph 1 the benefits brought about by mobiles (Making concession)

  Convenient, functional

  Ph 2 the social, medial and technical problems of mobile phones

  Conclusion: Restate my opinion

  Although mobile phones have some benefits, the negative influences should not be overlooked.

  看完結構,不難理解雙邊傾向的結構即兩個(gè)方面優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)都提及,作者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)是傾向其中一方的,那么不同意的那一方的論證段就可以理解為讓步段。結合句式,我們可以寫(xiě)一下讓步段的topic sentence:

  It is undeniable that mobile phones have facilitated our lives in many different ways.

  接著(zhù)可以列舉手機使用的幾個(gè)具體的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這種讓步和單邊論證讓步的區別是它可以不用直接在這個(gè)段落后面反駁。

  結術(shù)語(yǔ):

  讓步段在論證過(guò)程中有著(zhù)相當廣泛的實(shí)戰意義,它可以幫助考生擴展文章的字數,達到要求,此外,它還能使得論證過(guò)程更加全面。推薦學(xué)生準確使用此種論證方法,希望對寫(xiě)作取得高分有切實(shí)的幫助。


 

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