每一位準備考研的同學(xué)都渴望成功，事實(shí)卻是并非每一位同學(xué)在長(cháng)期備考的過(guò)程中都有著(zhù)堅定的恒心，在走進(jìn)考場(chǎng)前都具備了豐富的經(jīng)驗，在兩個(gè)半小時(shí)的應試過(guò)程中時(shí)刻當心，走出考場(chǎng)后心中充滿(mǎn)希望。
縱觀(guān)整個(gè)考研英語(yǔ)試卷，發(fā)現整張試卷實(shí)際只考察了考生兩個(gè)方面的能力——閱讀和寫(xiě)作，也就是說(shuō)，考研英語(yǔ)只考察了考生靈活應用聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)四個(gè)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)當中一半的能力，與準備雅思、托福的考生相比，備戰考研的同學(xué)們已經(jīng)輕松了一半。而“得閱讀者得天下”，閱讀理解能力的提升意味著(zhù)完形填空、新題型、甚至翻譯能力的提升，如果能夠把握好占考研英語(yǔ)70%的閱讀部分，英語(yǔ)高分就不在話(huà)下了。下面我要告訴大家的就是在復習閱讀的過(guò)程中一定要注意的一些原則性問(wèn)題。
從閱讀理解本身來(lái)講，閱讀并理解是做對題拿到分的前提，只有在閱讀并且理解的前提下才能夠保證做題的正確率，所以首要原則就是能夠把文章讀懂。那么怎樣做到切實(shí)的閱讀并且理解呢?在與考生的交流中，我們考研英語(yǔ)教研室肖芳芳老師發(fā)現很多問(wèn)題是與以下幾點(diǎn)密切相關(guān)的，解決了以下問(wèn)題，閱讀理解的問(wèn)題也就隨之解決了。
1. 閱讀策略- reading strategy
西方人寫(xiě)文章規律性極強，絕大多數議論文的組織形式為：開(kāi)頭提出論點(diǎn)，接下來(lái)會(huì )有若干分論點(diǎn)，分論點(diǎn)后面會(huì )緊跟論據，支持分論點(diǎn)以及總論點(diǎn)。如此具有規律的文章形式極大地幫助我們讀懂文章大意。大意懂了，就要仔細閱讀具體的內容了，而這個(gè)時(shí)候總會(huì )遇到這樣那樣的困難。所以在閱讀文章時(shí)一定要硬著(zhù)頭皮，迎難而上，看不懂的地方也要盡量猜測，不要因為某個(gè)單詞影響對整個(gè)句子的理解，同時(shí)把握句子當中的意群group meaning，這個(gè)句子可能讀不懂，但是讀懂了句子中的意群，再看看句子里面有沒(méi)有否定詞和轉折詞，基本上這個(gè)句子就明白了。
例句 1：No less remarkable than the development of the compact disc has been the use of the new technology to revitalize, in better sound than was ever before possible, some of the classic recorded performances of the pre-Latin era.
這個(gè)長(cháng)句當中使用了一個(gè)短語(yǔ)搭配no less … than …(不比…差)，也就是說(shuō)這個(gè)長(cháng)句其實(shí)就是在比較兩個(gè)事物，兩個(gè)事物是相當的、平等的，所以找到兩個(gè)事物，這個(gè)句子就讀懂了。不難發(fā)現句子當中提到的兩個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)為compact disc和classic recorded performances，而其它成份則為這兩個(gè)名詞短語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ)。
例句2：Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, health officials have ordered that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results published.
此句狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)為protest，主句主語(yǔ)為official，賓語(yǔ)為從句，賓語(yǔ)從句主語(yǔ)為level，of短語(yǔ)修飾level，in短語(yǔ)修飾bacterial，at 短語(yǔ)修飾seawater，be measured and published為從句謂語(yǔ)。譯文： 盡管有一些廢品處理公司的反對，負責健康方面的官員們還是要求對受公眾歡迎的海灘的海水所含細菌的數量進(jìn)行檢測，并且要求把這些結果公布于眾。
例句3： The temperature of the exhaust gases is well above 500 c, meaning that solid oxide fuel cells are very attractive for electricity and heat generation as, in addition to supplying electricity; the leftover amounts of heat created during the process could be used to produce heat for industries, provide hot water suppliers or warm buildings.
詞句主句含義為氣體溫度很高，其余的部分則為meaning分詞作狀語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)從句。從句的主語(yǔ)為solid oxide fuel cells，表語(yǔ)為attractive，補語(yǔ)為electricity and heat generation，后面又是一個(gè)as引導的原因從句，從句的主語(yǔ)為heat，created during the process為heat的修飾語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)為could be used to，賓語(yǔ)為并列的三個(gè)事項produce heat for industries, provide hot water suppliers 和warm buildings. 譯文：那些廢棄的溫度遠遠高于500 c，這就意味著(zhù)：對于發(fā)電和供熱來(lái)說(shuō)，固體氧化燃料電池是很不錯的，因為除了供電外，在該過(guò)程中所產(chǎn)生的剩余熱量可用于工業(yè)供熱、供應熱水、或者給建筑物供暖。
2. 語(yǔ)法+單詞+短語(yǔ)- grammar + vocabulary + phrases
通過(guò)上述例句可以發(fā)現，在單詞不完全認識的情況下，仍然可以依靠語(yǔ)法知識將長(cháng)難句分解為若干部分，而這若干部分當中，只需要理解一部分，就能夠對全句的含義完全掌握，可見(jiàn)牢固的語(yǔ)法基礎在整個(gè)閱讀理解當中的地位何等重要。
而上述例句為no less引導的一個(gè)倒裝句型，句子真正的主語(yǔ)為：the use of the new technology, 謂語(yǔ)部分為has been, 表語(yǔ)為remarkable.
而對于單詞而言，考研閱讀當中喜歡考查普通單詞不普通的含義。
例如2004年第43題：
The expression “tip service” most probably means ________
A. advisory B. compensation C. interaction D. reminder
原文：For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept----what you think you want to do----then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There is no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.
同學(xué)們看到這道題中的“tip service”首先想到了A項advisory，因為這兩個(gè)單詞本身就是一組近義詞，但是考研閱讀是不會(huì )考到這么簡(jiǎn)單的近義詞的，所以回到原文驗證時(shí)我們發(fā)現，原文中tip service所在的一句話(huà)由一個(gè)分號隔開(kāi)，分號前后句表達的含義應當一致，這樣我們可以得出tip service的含義應當等用于分號后半句reminder的含義，由此得出正確選項D。
這就要求我們在記單詞時(shí)要主動(dòng)去關(guān)注單詞第二、第三個(gè)解釋?zhuān)⑶乙疃日莆諝v年考試當中出現的高頻詞匯與高頻短語(yǔ)，這一點(diǎn)尤其重要，因為在閱讀理解題目當中，高頻詞匯是會(huì )反復出現在考題當中的;而對于完型填空當中對于固定搭配的考查，歷年考研英語(yǔ)當中是沒(méi)有重復短語(yǔ)出現的，這就要求我們在對歷年考試真題復習的同時(shí)，還要做到下面一項工作。
3. 知識儲備- knowledge
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀部分的文章分為自然科學(xué)、社會(huì )科學(xué)及人文科學(xué)三大類(lèi)，而大部分同學(xué)對于西方人樂(lè )于研究的自然科學(xué)及社會(huì )科學(xué)的常識知之甚少，導致在閱讀文章出現到速度問(wèn)題、單詞問(wèn)題、理解問(wèn)題等。所以在精讀真題的同時(shí)，一定要搭配一定量的泛讀以提高對某些知識領(lǐng)域的認知，更重要的是了解更多的單詞與固定搭配的用法。而除歷年真題外，各種各樣的模擬題正是泛讀文章極好的來(lái)源。
4. 考研出題人的可愛(ài)之處
我們來(lái)分享幾個(gè)考研閱讀理解中比較有趣的幾道題目：
2004年第49題：
What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ”?
A: They are getting impatient.
B: They are noisily dozing off.
C: They are feeling humiliated.
D: They are busy with word puzzles.
原文：The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees; all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients hose interest as they plough through them.
這道題出得非常有水準，不難看出考研出題的老教授們也是漫畫(huà)迷，漫畫(huà)當中 ZZZ表示呼呼大睡的場(chǎng)面出現在了考研閱讀題目當中，也有同學(xué)錯選為A項，認為大家有些不耐煩，而原文中卻絲毫沒(méi)有表達出“不耐煩”的含義，所以正確答案為B。當然不認識doze off短語(yǔ)的同學(xué)也有可能錯選。
再來(lái)看2000年第52題：
The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ______
A. TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market.
B. Semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises.
C. Machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal action.
D. Auto industry had lost part of its domestic market.
原文：It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid 1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while, it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.
從原文的劃線(xiàn)句中我們找到了問(wèn)題C項的出處，原文句中有個(gè)短語(yǔ)on the ropes，有的同學(xué)可能會(huì )想，在繩子上，是不是在引申地表達上吊自殺呢，選項C則不失時(shí)機地給出了suicidal的候選答案，如果真的能夠用這種方法解釋英文短語(yǔ)的話(huà)，中英互譯要笑話(huà)百出了。On the rope這個(gè)短語(yǔ)最初源自拳擊比賽，選手為了不倒在地上標志失敗，則會(huì )靠在場(chǎng)地的圍欄上，這時(shí)的拳手必定是奄奄一息的狀態(tài)，所以On the rope這個(gè)短語(yǔ)的意思為“瀕臨失敗”。
以上幾點(diǎn)問(wèn)題正是影響同學(xué)們閱讀并理解西方原版文章的關(guān)鍵因素，希望同學(xué)們首先解決“讀懂”的問(wèn)題，在讀懂的基礎上，進(jìn)行題干分析及選項分析，保證在考試中獲得高分。
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