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思科路由器廣域網(wǎng)協(xié)議設置

時(shí)間:2024-06-30 11:00:20 思科認證 我要投稿
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思科路由器廣域網(wǎng)協(xié)議設置

  思科(Cisco)路由器是通過(guò)何種方式,來(lái)提供超越基本數據訪(fǎng)問(wèn)的優(yōu)勢,并作為可實(shí)現最高生產(chǎn)率和投資回報的集成路由系統的一部分,提供話(huà)音、安全和無(wú)線(xiàn)等服務(wù)。下面小編準備了關(guān)于思科路由器廣域網(wǎng)協(xié)議設置,歡迎大家參考!

思科路由器廣域網(wǎng)協(xié)議設置

  一、HDLC

  HDLC是CISCO路由器使用的缺省協(xié)議,一臺新路由器在未指定封裝協(xié)議時(shí)默認使用HDLC封裝。

  1. 有關(guān)命令

  端口設置

任務(wù) 命令
設置HDLC封裝 encapsulation hdlc
設置DCE端線(xiàn)路速度 clockrate speed
復位一個(gè)硬件接口 clear interface serial unit
顯示接口狀態(tài) show interfaces serial [unit] 1
  注:1.以下給出一個(gè)顯示Cisco同步串口狀態(tài)的例子.

  Router#show interface serial 0

  Serial 0 is up, line protocol is up

  Hardware is MCI Serial

  Internet address is 150.136.190.203, subnet mask is 255.255.255.0

  MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255

  Encapsulation HDLC, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)

  Last input 0:00:07, output 0:00:00, output hang never

  Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops

  Five minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec

  Five minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec

  16263 packets input, 1347238 bytes, 0 no buffer

  Received 13983 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants

  2 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 2 abort

  22146 packets output, 2383680 bytes, 0 underruns

  0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets, 0 restarts

  1 carrier transitions

  2. 舉例

  設置如下:

  Router1:

  interface Serial0

  ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0

  clockrate 1000000

  Router2:

  interface Serial0

  ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0

  !

  3. 舉例使用E1線(xiàn)路實(shí)現多個(gè)64K專(zhuān)線(xiàn)連接.

  相關(guān)命令:

 
 
任務(wù) 命令
進(jìn)入controller配置模式 controller {t1 | e1} number
選擇幀類(lèi)型  framing {crc4 | no-crc4}
選擇line-code類(lèi)型  linecode {ami | b8zs | hdb3}
建立邏輯通道組與時(shí)隙的映射  channel-group number timeslots range1
顯示controllers接口狀態(tài) show controllers e1 [slot/port]2
  注: 1. 當鏈路為T(mén)1時(shí),channel-group編號為0-23, Timeslot范圍1-24; 當鏈路為E1時(shí), channel-group編號為0-30, Timeslot范圍1-31.

  2.使用show controllers e1觀(guān)察controller狀態(tài),以下為幀類(lèi)型為crc4時(shí)controllers正常的狀態(tài).

  Router# show controllers e1

  e1 0/0 is up.

  Applique type is Channelized E1 - unbalanced

  Framing is CRC4, Line Code is HDB3 No alarms detected.

  Data in current interval (725 seconds elapsed):

  0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations

  0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins

  0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs

  Total Data (last 24 hours) 0 Line Code Violations, 0 Path Code Violations,

  0 Slip Secs, 0 Fr Loss Secs, 0 Line Err Secs, 0 Degraded Mins,

  0 Errored Secs, 0 Bursty Err Secs, 0 Severely Err Secs, 0 Unavail Secs

  以下例子為E1連接3條64K專(zhuān)線(xiàn), 幀類(lèi)型為NO-CRC4,非平衡鏈路,路由器具體設置如下:

  shanxi#wri t

  Building configuration...

  Current configuration:

  !

  version 11.2

  no service udp-small-servers

  no service tcp-small-servers

  !

  hostname shanxi

  !

  enable secret 5 $1$XN08$Ttr8nfLoP9.2RgZhcBzkk/

  enable password shanxi

  !

  !

  ip subnet-zero

  !

  controller E1 0

  framing NO-CRC4

  channel-group 0 timeslots 1

  channel-group 1 timeslots 2

  channel-group 2 timeslots 3

  !

  interface Ethernet0

  ip address 133.118.40.1 255.255.0.0

  media-type 10BaseT

  !

  interface Ethernet1

  no ip address

  shutdown

  !

  interface Serial0:0

  ip address 202.119.96.1 255.255.255.252

  no ip mroute-cache

  !

  interface Serial0:1

  ip address 202.119.96.5 255.255.255.252

  no ip mroute-cache

  !

  interface Serial0:2

  ip address 202.119.96.9 255.255.255.252

  no ip mroute-cache

  !

  no ip classless

  ip route 133.210.40.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:0

  ip route 133.210.41.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:1

  ip route 133.210.42.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0:2

  !

  line con 0

  line aux 0

  line vty 0 4

  password shanxi

  login

  !

  end

  二、PPP

  PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol)是SLIP(Serial Line IP protocol)的繼承者,它提供了跨過(guò)同步和異步電路實(shí)現路由器到路由器(router-to-router)和主機到網(wǎng)絡(luò )(host-to-network)的連接。

  CHAP(Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)和PAP(Password Authentication Protocol) (PAP)通常被用于在PPP封裝的串行線(xiàn)路上提供安全性認證。使用CHAP和PAP認證,每個(gè)路由器通過(guò)名字來(lái)識別,可以防止未經(jīng)授權的訪(fǎng)問(wèn)。

  CHAP和PAP在RFC 1334上有詳細的說(shuō)明。

  1. 有關(guān)命令

  端口設置

任務(wù) 命令
設置PPP封裝 encapsulation ppp1
設置認證方法 ppp authentication {chap | chap pap | pap chap | pap} [if-needed] [list-name | default] [callin]
指定口令 username name password secret
設置DCE端線(xiàn)路速度 clockrate speed
  注:1、要使用CHAP/PAP必須使用PPP封裝。在與非Cisco路由器連接時(shí),一般采用PPP封裝,其它廠(chǎng)家路由器一般不支持Cisco的HDLC封裝協(xié)議。

  2. 舉例

  路由器Router1和Router2的S0口均封裝PPP協(xié)議,采用CHAP做認證,在Router1中應建立一個(gè)用戶(hù),以對端路由器主機名作為用戶(hù)名,即用戶(hù)名應為router2。同時(shí)在Router2中應建立一個(gè)用戶(hù),以對端路由器主機名作為用戶(hù)名,即用戶(hù)名應為router1。所建的這兩用戶(hù)的password必須相同。

  設置如下:

  Router1:

  hostname router1

  username router2 password xxx

  interface Serial0

  ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0

  clockrate 1000000

  ppp authentication chap

  !

  Router2:

  hostname router2

  username router1 password xxx

  interface Serial0

  ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0

  ppp authentication chap

  三、x.25

  1. X25技術(shù)

  X.25規范對應OSI三層,X.25的第三層描述了分組的格式及分組交換的過(guò)程。X.25的第二層由LAPB(Link Access Procedure, Balanced)實(shí)現,它定義了用于DTE/DCE連接的幀格式。X.25的第一層定義了電氣和物理端口特性。

  X.25網(wǎng)絡(luò )設備分為數據終端設備(DTE)、數據電路終端設備(DCE)及分組交換設備(PSE)。DTE是X.25的末端系統,如終端、計算機或網(wǎng)絡(luò )主機,一般位于用戶(hù)端,Cisco路由器就是DTE設備。DCE設備是專(zhuān)用通信設備,如調制解調器和分組交換機。PSE是公共網(wǎng)絡(luò )的主干交換機。

  X.25定義了數據通訊的電話(huà)網(wǎng)絡(luò ),每個(gè)分配給用戶(hù)的x.25 端口都具有一個(gè)x.121地址,當用戶(hù)申請到的是SVC(交換虛電路)時(shí),x.25一端的用戶(hù)在訪(fǎng)問(wèn)另一端的用戶(hù)時(shí),首先將呼叫對方x.121地址,然后接收到呼叫的一端可以接受或拒絕,如果接受請求,于是連接建立實(shí)現數據傳輸,當沒(méi)有數據傳輸時(shí)掛斷連接,整個(gè)呼叫過(guò)程就類(lèi)似我們撥打普通電話(huà)一樣,其不同的是x.25可以實(shí)現一點(diǎn)對多點(diǎn)的連接。其中x.121地址、htc均必須與x.25服務(wù)提供商分配的參數相同。X.25 PVC(永久虛電路),沒(méi)有呼叫的過(guò)程,類(lèi)似DDN專(zhuān)線(xiàn)。

  2. 有關(guān)命令:

任務(wù) 命令
設置X.25封裝 encapsulation x25 [dce]
設置X.121地址 x25 address x.121-address
設置遠方站點(diǎn)的地址映射 x25 map protocol address [protocol2address2[...[protocol9 address9]]]x121-address [option]
設置最大的雙向虛電路數 x25 htc citcuit-number1
設置一次連接可同時(shí)建立的虛電路數 x25 nvc count2
設置x25在清除空閑虛電路前的等待周期 x25 idle minutes
重新啟動(dòng)x25,或清一個(gè)svc,啟動(dòng)一個(gè)pvc相關(guān)參數 clear x25 {serial number | cmns-interface mac-address} [vc-number] 3
清x25虛電路 clear x25-vc
顯示接口及x25相關(guān)信息 show interfaces serial
show x25 interface
show x25 map
show x25 vc
  注:1、虛電路號從1到4095,Cisco路由器默認為1024,國內一般分配為16。

  2、虛電路計數從1到8,缺省為1。

  3、在改變了x.25各層的相關(guān)參數后,應重新啟動(dòng)x25(使用clear x25 {serial number | cmns-interface mac-address} [vc-number]或clear x25-vc命令),否則新設置的參數可能不能生效。同時(shí)應對照服務(wù)提供商對于x.25交換機端口的設置來(lái)配置路由器的相關(guān)參數,若出現參數不匹配則可能會(huì )導致連接失敗或其它意外情況。

  3. 實(shí)例:

  3.1. 在以下實(shí)例中每二個(gè)路由器間均通過(guò)svc實(shí)現連接。

  路由器設置如下:

  Router1:

  interface Serial0

  encapsulation x25

  ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0

  x25 address 110101

  x25 htc 16

  x25 nvc 2

  x25 map ip 192.200.10.2 110102 broadcast

  x25 map ip 192.200.10.3 110103 broadcast

  !

  Router2:

  interface Serial0

  encapsulation x25

  ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0

  x25 address 110102

  x25 htc 16

  x25 nvc 2

  x25 map ip 192.200.10.1 110101 broadcast

  x25 map ip 192.200.10.3 110103 broadcast

  !

  Router:

  interface Serial0

  encapsulation x25

  ip address 192.200.10.3 255.255.255.0

  x25 address 110103

  x25 htc 16

  x25 nvc 2

  x25 map ip 192.200.10.1 110101 broadcast

  x25 map ip 192.200.10.2 110102 broadcast

  !

  相關(guān)調試命令:

  clear x25-vc

  show interfaces serial

  show x25 map

  show x25 route

  show x25 vc

  3.2. 在以下實(shí)例中路由器router1和router2均通過(guò)svc與router連接,但router1和router2不通過(guò)svc直接連接,此三個(gè)路由器的串口運行RIP路由協(xié)議,使用了子接口的概念。由于使用子接口,router1和router2均學(xué)習到了訪(fǎng)問(wèn)對方局域網(wǎng)的路徑,若不使用子接口,router1和router2將學(xué)不到到對方局域網(wǎng)的路由。

  子接口(Subinterface)是一個(gè)物理接口上的多個(gè)虛接口,可以用于在同一個(gè)物理接口上連接多個(gè)網(wǎng)。我們知道為了避免路由循環(huán),路由器支持split horizon法則,它只允許路由更新被分配到路由器的其它接口,而不會(huì )再分配路由更新回到此路由被接收的接口。

  無(wú)論如何,在廣域網(wǎng)環(huán)境使用基于連接的接口(象 X.25和Frame Relay),同一接口通過(guò)虛電路(vc)連接多臺遠端路由器時(shí),從同一接口來(lái)的路由更新信息不可以再被發(fā)回到相同的接口,除非強制使用分開(kāi)的物理接口連接不同的路由器。Cisco提供子接口(subinterface)作為分開(kāi)的接口對待。你可以將路由器邏輯地連接到相同物理接口的不同子接口, 這樣來(lái)自不同子接口的路由更新就可以被分配到其他子接口,同時(shí)又滿(mǎn)足split horizon法則。

  Router1:

  interface Serial0

  encapsulation x25

  ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0

  x25 address 110101

  x25 htc 16

  x25 nvc 2

  x25 map ip 192.200.10.3 110103 broadcast

  !

  router rip

  network 192.200.10.0

  !

  Router2:

  interface Serial0

  encapsulation x25

  ip address 192.200.11.2 255.255.255.0

  x25 address 110102

  x25 htc 16

  x25 nvc 2

  x25 map ip 192.200.11.3 110103 broadcast

  !

  router rip

  network 192.200.11.0

  !

  Router:

  interface Serial0

  encapsulation x25

  x25 address 110103

  x25 htc 16

  x25 nvc 2

  !

  interface Serial0.1 point-to-point

  ip address 192.200.10.3 255.255.255.0

  x25 map ip 192.200.10.1 110101 broadcast

  !

  interface Serial0.2 point-to-point

  ip address 192.200.11.3 255.255.255.0

  x25 map ip 192.200.11.2 110102 broadcast

  !

  router rip

  network 192.200.10.0

  network 192.200.11.0

  四、Frame Relay

  1. 幀中繼技術(shù)

  幀中繼是一種高性能的WAN協(xié)議,它運行在OSI參考模型的物理層和數據鏈路層。它是一種數據包交換技術(shù),是X.25的簡(jiǎn)化版本。它省略了X.25的一些強健功能,如提供窗口技術(shù)和數據重發(fā)技術(shù),而是依靠高層協(xié)議提供糾錯功能,這是因為幀中繼工作在更好的WAN設備上,這些設備較之X.25的WAN設備具有更可靠的連接服務(wù)和更高的可靠性,它嚴格地對應于OSI參考模型的最低二層,而X.25還提供第三層的服務(wù),所以,幀中繼比X.25具有更高的性能和更有效的傳輸效率。

  幀中繼廣域網(wǎng)的設備分為數據終端設備(DTE)和數據電路終端設備(DCE),Cisco路由器作為 DTE設備。

  幀中繼技術(shù)提供面向連接的數據鏈路層的通信,在每對設備之間都存在一條定義好的通信鏈路,且該鏈路有一個(gè)鏈路識別碼。這種服務(wù)通過(guò)幀中繼虛電路實(shí)現,每個(gè)幀中繼虛電路都以數據鏈路識別碼(DLCI)標識自己。DLCI的值一般由幀中繼服務(wù)提供商指定。幀中繼即支持PVC也支持SVC。

  幀中繼本地管理接口(LMI)是對基本的幀中繼標準的擴展。它是路由器和幀中繼交換機之間信令標準,提供幀中繼管理機制。它提供了許多管理復雜互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò )的特性,其中包括全局尋址、虛電路狀態(tài)消息和多目發(fā)送等功能。

  2. 有關(guān)命令:

  端口設置

任務(wù) 命令
設置Frame Relay封裝 encapsulation frame-relay[ietf] 1
設置Frame Relay LMI類(lèi)型 frame-relay lmi-type {ansi | cisco | q933a}2
設置子接口 interface interface-type interface-number.subinterface-number [multipoint|point-to-point]
映射協(xié)議地址與DLCI frame-relay map protocol protocol-address dlci [broadcast]3
設置FR DLCI編號 frame-relay interface-dlci dlci[broadcast]
  注:1.若使Cisco路由器與其它廠(chǎng)家路由設備相連,則使用Internet工程任務(wù)組(IETF)規定的幀中繼封裝格式。

  2.從Cisco IOS版本11.2開(kāi)始,軟件支持本地管理接口(LMI)“自動(dòng)感覺(jué)”, “自動(dòng)感覺(jué)”使接口能確定交換機支持的LMI類(lèi)型,用戶(hù)可以不明確配置LMI接口類(lèi)型。

  3.broadcast選項允許在幀中繼網(wǎng)絡(luò )上傳輸路由廣播信息。

  3. 幀中繼point to point配置實(shí)例:

  Router1:

  interface serial 0

  encapsulation frame-relay

  !

  interface serial 0.1 point-to-point

  ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0

  frame-reply interface-dlci 105

  !

  interface serial 0.2 point-to-point

  ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0

  frame-reply interface-dlci 102

  !

  interface serial 0.3 point-to-point

  ip address 172.16.4.1 255.255.255.0

  frame-reply interface-dlci 104

  !

  Router2:

  interface serial 0

  encapsulation frame-relay

  !

  interface serial 0.1 point-to-point

  ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0

  frame-reply interface-dlci 201

  !

  interface serial 0.2 point-to-point

  ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0

  frame-reply interface-dlci 203

  !

  相關(guān)調試命令:

  show frame-relay lmi

  show frame-relay map

  show frame-relay pvc

  show frame-relay route

  show interfaces serial

  go top

  4. 幀中繼 Multipoint 配置實(shí)例:

  Router1:

  interface serial 0

  encapsulation frame-reply

  !

  interface serial 0.1 multipoint

  ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0

  frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.1 201 broadcast

  frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.3 301 broadcast

  frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.4 401 broadcast

  !

  Router2:

  interface serial 0

  encapsulation frame-reply

  !

  interface serial 0.1 multipoint

  ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0

  frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast

  frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.3 102 broadcast

  frame-reply map ip 172.16.1.4 102 broadcast

  !

  五、ISDN

  1. 綜合數字業(yè)務(wù)網(wǎng)(ISDN)

  綜合數字業(yè)務(wù)網(wǎng)(ISDN)由數字電話(huà)和數據傳輸服務(wù)兩部分組成,一般由電話(huà)局提供這種服務(wù)。ISDN的基本速率接口(BRI)服務(wù)提供2個(gè)B信道和1個(gè)D信道(2B+D)。BRI的B信道速率為64Kbps,用于傳輸用戶(hù)數據。D信道的速率為16Kbps,主要傳輸控制信號。在北美和日本,ISDN的主速率接口(PRI)提供23個(gè)B信道和1個(gè)D信道,總速率可達1.544Mbps,其中D信道速率為64Kbps。而在歐洲、澳大利亞等國家,ISDN的PRI提供30個(gè)B信道和1個(gè)64Kbps D信道,總速率可達2.048Mbps。我國電話(huà)局所提供ISDN PRI為30B+D。

  2. 基本命令

任務(wù) 命令
設置ISDN交換類(lèi)型 isdn switch-type switch-type1
接口設置 interface bri 0
設置PPP封裝 encapsulation ppp
設置協(xié)議地址與電話(huà)號碼的映射 dialer map protocol next-hop-address[name hostname] [broadcast] [dial-string]
啟動(dòng)PPP多連接 ppp multilink
設置啟動(dòng)另一個(gè)B通道的閾值 dialer load-threshold load
顯示ISDN有關(guān)信息 show isdn {active | history | memory | services | status [dsl | interface-type number] | timers}
  注:1.交換機類(lèi)型如下表,國內交換機一般為basic-net3。
按區域分關(guān)鍵字                  交換機類(lèi)型
Australia  
basic-ts013 Australian TS013 switches
Europe  
basic-1tr6 German 1TR6 ISDN switches
basic-nwnet3 Norway NET3 switches (phase 1)
basic-net3 NET3 ISDN switches (UK, Denmark, and other nations); covers the Euro-ISDN E-DSS1 signalling system
primary-net5 NET5 switches (UK and Europe)
vn2 French VN2 ISDN switches
vn3 French VN3 ISDN switches
Japan  
ntt Japanese NTT ISDN switches
primary-ntt Japanese ISDN PRI switches
North America  
basic-5ess AT&T basic rate switches
basic-dms100 NT DMS-100 basic rate switches
basic-ni1 National ISDN-1 switches
primary-4ess AT&T 4ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only)
primary-5ess AT&T 5ESS switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only)
primary-dms100 NT DMS-100 switch type for the U.S. (ISDN PRI only)
New Zealand  
basic-nznet3 New Zealand Net3 switches
  3. ISDN實(shí)現DDR(dial-on-demand routing)實(shí)例:

  設置如下:

  Router1:

  hostname router1

  user router2 password cisco

  !

  isdn switch-type basic-net3

  !

  interface bri 0

  ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0

  encapsulation ppp

  dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 572

  dialer load-threshold 80

  ppp multilink

  dialer-group 1

  ppp authentication chap

  !

  dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

  !

  Router2:

  hostname router2

  user router1 password cisco

  !

  isdn switch-type basic-net3

  !

  interface bri 0

  ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0

  encapsulation ppp

  dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571

  dialer load-threshold 80

  ppp multilink

  dialer-group 1

  ppp authentication chap

  !

  dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

  !

  Cisco路由器同時(shí)支持回撥功能,我們將路由器Router1作為Callback Server,Router2作為Callback Client。

  與回撥相關(guān)命令:

任務(wù) 命令
映射協(xié)議地址和電話(huà)號碼,并在接口上使用在全局模式下定義的PPP回撥的映射類(lèi)別。 dialer map protocol address namehostname class classname dial-string
設置接口支持PPP回撥 ppp callback accept
在全局模式下為PPP回撥設置映射類(lèi)別 map-class dialer classname
通過(guò)查找注冊在dialer map里的主機名來(lái)決定回撥.  dialer callback-server [username]
設置接口要求PPP回撥 ppp callback request 
  設置如下:

  Router1:

  hostname router1

  user router2 password cisco

  !

  isdn switch-type basic-net3

  !

  interface bri 0

  ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0

  encapsulation ppp

  dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name router2 class s3 572

  dialer load-threshold 80

  ppp callback accept

  ppp multilink

  dialer-group 1

  ppp authentication chap

  !

  map-class dialer s3

  dialer callback-server username

  dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

  !

  Router2:

  hostname router2

  user router1 password cisco

  !

  isdn switch-type basic-net3

  !

  interface bri 0

  ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0

  encapsulation ppp

  dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name router1 571

  dialer load-threshold 80

  ppp callback request

  ppp multilink

  dialer-group 1

  ppp authentication chap

  !

  dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

  !

  相關(guān)調試命令:

  debug dialer

  debug isdn event

  debug isdn q921

  debug isdn q931

  debug ppp authentication

  debug ppp error

  debug ppp negotiation

  debug ppp packet

  show dialer

  show isdn status

  舉例:執行debug dialer命令觀(guān)察router2呼叫router1,router1回撥router2的過(guò)程.

  router1#debug dialer

  router2#ping 192.200.10.1

  router1#

  00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up

  00:03:50: BRI0:1:PPP callback Callback server starting to router2 572

  00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call

  00:03:50: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to down

  00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call

  00:03:50: BRI0:1: disconnecting call

  00:03:51: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed state to up

  00:03:52: callback to router2 already started

  00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call

  00:03:52: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:2, changed state to down

  00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call

  00:03:52: BRI0:2: disconnecting call

  00:04:05: : Callback timer expired

  00:04:05: BRI0:beginning callback to router2 572

  00:04:05: BRI0: Attempting to dial 572

  00:04:05: Freeing callback to router2 572

  00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface BRI0:1, changed state to up

  00:04:05: BRI0:1: No callback negotiated

  00:04:05: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Virtual-Access1, changed state to up

  00:04:05: dialer Protocol up for Vi1

  00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface BRI0:1, changed state

  to up

  00:04:06: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Virtual-Access1, chang

  ed state to up

  00:04:11: %ISDN-6-CONNECT: Interface BRI0:1 is now connected to 572

  #router1

  4. ISDN訪(fǎng)問(wèn)首都在線(xiàn)263網(wǎng)實(shí)例:

  本地局部網(wǎng)地址為10.0.0.0/24,屬于保留地址,通過(guò)NAT地址翻譯功能,局域網(wǎng)用戶(hù)可以通過(guò)ISDN上263網(wǎng)訪(fǎng)問(wèn)Internet。263的ISDN電話(huà)號碼為2633,用戶(hù)為263,口令為263,所涉及的命令如下表:

任務(wù) 命令
指定接口通過(guò)PPP/IPCP地址協(xié)商獲得IP地址 ip address negotiated
指定內部和外部端口 ip nat {inside | outside}
使用ppp/pap作認證 ppp authentication pap callin
指定接口屬于撥號組1 dialer-group 1
定義撥號組1允許所有IP協(xié)議 dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit
設定撥號,號碼為2633 dialer string 2633 
設定登錄263的用戶(hù)名和口令 ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263
設定默認路由 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0
設定符合訪(fǎng)問(wèn)列表2的所有源地址被翻譯為bri 0所擁有的地址 ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload
設定訪(fǎng)問(wèn)列表2,允許所有協(xié)議 access-list 2 permit any
  具體配置如下:

  hostname Cisco2503

  !

  isdn switch-type basic-net3

  !

  ip subnet-zero

  no ip domain-lookup

  ip routing

  !

  interface Ethernet 0

  ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0

  ip nat inside

  no shutdown

  !

  interface Serial 0

  shutdown

  no description

  no ip address

  !

  interface Serial 1

  shutdown

  no description

  no ip address

  !

  interface bri 0

  ip address negotiated

  ip nat outside

  encapsulation ppp

  ppp authentication pap callin

  ppp multilink

  dialer-group 1

  dialer hold-queue 10

  dialer string 2633

  dialer idle-timeout 120

  ppp pap sent-username 263 password 263

  no cdp enable

  no ip split-horizon

  no shutdown

  !

  ip classless

  !

  ! Static Routes

  !

  ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0

  !

  ! Access Control List 2

  !

  access-list 2 permit any

  !

  dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

  !

  ! Dynamic NAT

  !

  ip nat inside source list 2 interface bri 0 overload

  snmp-server community public ro

  !

  line console 0

  exec-timeout 0 0

  !

  line vty 0 4

  !

  end

  5. Cisco765M通過(guò)ISDN撥號上263

  由于Cisco765的設置命令與我們常用的Cisco路由器的命令不同,所以以下列舉了通過(guò)Cisco765上263訪(fǎng)問(wèn)Internet的具體命令行設置步驟。

  >set system c765

  c765> set multidestination on

  c765> set switch net3

  c765> set ppp multilink on

  c765> cd lan

  c765:LAN> set ip routing on

  c765:LAN> set ip address 10.0.0.1

  c765:LAN> set ip netmask 255.0.0.0

  c765:LAN> set briding off

  c765:LAN>cd

  c765> set user remotenet

  New user remotenet being created

  c765:remotenet> set ip routing on

  c765:remotenet> set bridging off

  c765:remotenet> set ip framing none

  c765:remotenet> set ppp clientname 263

  c765:remotenet> set ppp password client

  Enter new Password: 263

  Re-Type new Password: 263

  c765:remotenet> set ppp authentication out none

  c765:remotenet> set ip address 0.0.0.0

  c765:remotenet> set ip netmask 0.0.0.0

  c765:remotenet> set ppp address negotiation local on

  c765:remotenet> set ip pat on

  c765:remotenet> set ip route destination 0.0.0.0/0 gateway 0.0.0.0

  c765:remotenet> set number 2633

  c765:remotenet> set active

  命令描述如下:

任務(wù) 命令
設置路由器系統名稱(chēng) set system c765
允許路由器呼叫多個(gè)目的地 set multidestination on
設置ISDN交換機類(lèi)型為NET3 set switch net3
允許點(diǎn)到點(diǎn)間多條通道連接實(shí)現負載均衡 set ppp multilink on
關(guān)掉橋接 set briding off
建立用戶(hù)預制文件用于設置撥號連接參數- 可以設置多個(gè)用戶(hù)預制文件用于相同的物理端口對應于不同的連接。 set user remotenet
使用PPP/IPCP set ip framing none
設置上網(wǎng)用戶(hù)帳號 set ppp clientname 263
設置上網(wǎng)口令 set ppp password client
Enter new Password: 263
Re-Type new Password: 263
不用PPP/CHAP或PAP做認證 set ppp authentication out none
允許地址磋商 set ppp address negotiation local on
設置地址翻譯 set ip pat on
設置默認路由 set ip route destination 0.0.0.0/0 gateway 0.0.0.0
設置ISP的電話(huà)號碼 set number 2633
激活用戶(hù)預制文件 set active
  六、PSTN

  電話(huà)網(wǎng)絡(luò )(PSTN)是目前普及程度最高、成本最低的公用通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò ),它在網(wǎng)絡(luò )互連中也有廣泛的應用。電話(huà)網(wǎng)絡(luò )的應用一般可分為兩種類(lèi)型,一種是同等級別機構之間以按需撥號(DDR)的方式實(shí)現互連,一種是ISP為撥號上網(wǎng)為用戶(hù)提供的遠程訪(fǎng)問(wèn)服務(wù)的功能。

  1. 遠程訪(fǎng)問(wèn)

  1.1.Access Server基本設置:

  選用Cisco2511作為訪(fǎng)問(wèn)服務(wù)器,采用IP地址池動(dòng)態(tài)分配地址.遠程工作站使用WIN95撥號網(wǎng)絡(luò )實(shí)現連接。

  全局設置:

任務(wù) 命令
設置用戶(hù)名和密碼 username username password password
設置用戶(hù)的IP地址池 ip local pool {default | pool-name low-ip-address [high-ip-address]}
指定地址池的工作方式 ip address-pool [dhcp-proxy-client | local]
  基本接口設置命令:
任務(wù) 命令
設置封裝形式為PPP encapsulation ppp
啟動(dòng)異步口的路由功能 async default routing
設置異步口的PPP工作方式 async mode {dedicated | interactive}
設置用戶(hù)的IP地址 peer default ip address {ip-address | dhcp | pool [pool-name]}
設置IP地址與Ethernet0相同 ip unnumbered ethernet0
  line撥號線(xiàn)設置:
任務(wù) 命令
設置modem的工作方式 modem {inout|dialin}
自動(dòng)配置modem類(lèi)型 modem autoconfig discovery
設置撥號線(xiàn)的通訊速率 speed speed
設置通訊線(xiàn)路的流控方式 flowcontrol {none | software [lock] [in | out] | hardware [in | out]}
連通后自動(dòng)執行命令 autocommand command
  訪(fǎng)問(wèn)服務(wù)器設置如下:

  Router:

  hostname Router

  enable secret 5 $1$EFqU$tYLJLrynNUKzE4bx6fmH//

  !

  interface Ethernet0

  ip address 10.111.4.20 255.255.255.0

  !

  interface Async1

  ip unnumbered Ethernet0

  encapsulation ppp

  keepalive 10

  async mode interactive

  peer default ip address pool Cisco2511-Group-142

  !

  ip local pool Cisco2511-Group-142 10.111.4.21 10.111.4.36

  !

  line con 0

  exec-timeout 0 0

  password cisco

  !

  line 1 16

  modem InOut

  modem autoconfigure discovery

  flowcontrol hardware

  !

  line aux 0

  transport input all

  line vty 0 4

  password cisco

  !

  end

  相關(guān)調試命令:

  show interface

  show line

  1.2. Access Server通過(guò)Tacacs服務(wù)器實(shí)現安全認證:

  使用一臺WINDOWS NT服務(wù)器作為T(mén)acacs服務(wù)器,地址為10.111.4.2,運行Cisco2511隨機帶的Easy ACS 1.0軟件實(shí)現用戶(hù)認證功能.

  相關(guān)設置:

任務(wù) 命令
激活AAA訪(fǎng)問(wèn)控制 aaa new-model
用戶(hù)登錄時(shí)默認起用Tacacs+做AAA認證 aaa authentication login default tacacs+
列表名為no_tacacs使用ENABLE口令做認證 aaa authentication login no_tacacs enable
在運行PPP的串行線(xiàn)上采用Tacacs+做認證 aaa authentication ppp default tacacs+
由TACACS+服務(wù)器授權運行EXEC aaa authorization exec tacacs+
由TACACS+服務(wù)器授權與網(wǎng)絡(luò )相關(guān)的服務(wù)請求。 aaa authorization network tacacs+
為EXEC會(huì )話(huà)運行記帳.進(jìn)程開(kāi)始和結束時(shí)發(fā)通告給TACACS+服務(wù)器。 aaa accounting exec start-stop tacacs+
為與網(wǎng)絡(luò )相關(guān)的服務(wù)需求運行記帳包括SLIP,PPP,PPP NCPs,ARAP等.在進(jìn)程開(kāi)始和結束時(shí)發(fā)通告給TACACS+服務(wù)器。 aaa accounting network start-stop tacacs+
指定Tacacs服務(wù)器地址 tacacs-server host 10.111.4.2
在Tacacs+服務(wù)器和訪(fǎng)問(wèn)服務(wù)器設定共享的關(guān)鍵字,訪(fǎng)問(wèn)服務(wù)器和Tacacs+服務(wù)器使用這個(gè)關(guān)鍵字去加密口令和響應信息。這里使用tac作為關(guān)鍵字。 tacacs-server key tac
  訪(fǎng)問(wèn)服務(wù)器設置如下:

  hostname router

  !

  aaa new-model

  aaa authentication login default tacacs+

  aaa authentication login no_tacacs enable

  aaa authentication ppp default tacacs+

  aaa authorization exec tacacs+

  aaa authorization network tacacs+

  aaa accounting exec start-stop tacacs+

  aaa accounting network start-stop tacacs+

  enable secret 5 $1$kN4g$CvS4d2.rJzWntCnn/0hvE0

  !

  interface Ethernet0

  ip address 10.111.4.20 255.255.255.0

  !

  interface Serial0

  no ip address

  shutdown

  interface Serial1

  no ip address

  shutdown

  !

  interface Group-Async1

  ip unnumbered Ethernet0

  encapsulation ppp

  async mode interactive

  peer default ip address pool Cisco2511-Group-142

  no cdp enable

  group-range 1 16

  !

  ip local pool Cisco2511-Group-142 10.111.4.21 10.111.4.36

  tacacs-server host 10.111.4.2

  tacacs-server key tac

  !

  line con 0

  exec-timeout 0 0

  password cisco

  login authentication no_tacacs

  line 1 16

  login authentication tacacs

  modem InOut

  modem autoconfigure type usr_courier

  autocommand ppp

  transport input all

  stopbits 1

  rxspeed 115200

  txspeed 115200

  flowcontrol hardware

  line aux 0

  transport input all

  line vty 0 4

  password cisco

  !

  end

  2. DDR(dial-on-demand routing)實(shí)例

  此例通過(guò)Cisco 2500系列路由器的aux端口實(shí)現異步撥號DDR連接。Router1撥號連接到Router2。其中采用PPP/CHAP做安全認證,在Router1中應建立一個(gè)用戶(hù),以對端路由器主機名作為用戶(hù)名,即用戶(hù)名應為Router2。同時(shí)在Router2中應建立一個(gè)用戶(hù),以對端路由器主機名作為用戶(hù)名,即用戶(hù)名應為Router1。所建的這兩用戶(hù)的password必須相同。

  相關(guān)命令如下:

任務(wù) 命令
設置路由器與modem的接口指令 chat-script script-name EXPECT SEND EXPECT SEND (etc.)
設置端口在掛斷前的等待時(shí)間 dialer idle-timeout seconds
設置協(xié)議地址與電話(huà)號碼的映射 dialer map protocol next-hop-address[name hostname] [broadcast] [modem-script
modem-regexp] [system-script system-regexp] [dial-string]
 
設置電話(huà)號碼 dialer string dial-string
指定在特定線(xiàn)路下路由器默認使用的chat-script script {dialer|reset} script-name
  Router1:

  hostname Router1

  !

  enable secret 5 $1$QKI7$wXjpFqC74vDAyKBUMallw/

  !

  username Router2 password cisco

  chat-script cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT \T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT \c

  !

  interface Ethernet0

  ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0

  !

  interface Async1

  ip address 192.200.10.1 255.255.255.0

  encapsulation ppp

  async default routing

  async mode dedicated

  dialer in-band

  dialer idle-timeout 60

  dialer map ip 192.200.10.2 name Router2 modem-script cisco-default 573

  dialer-group 1

  ppp authentication chap

  !

  ip route 10.0.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.200.10.2

  dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

  !

  line con 0

  line aux 0

  modem InOut

  modem autoconfigure discovery

  flowcontrol hardware

  Router2:

  hostname Router2

  !

  enable secret 5 $1$F6EV$5U8puzNt2/o9g.t56PXHo.

  !

  username Router1 password cisco

  !

  interface Ethernet0

  ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0

  !

  interface Async1

  ip address 192.200.10.2 255.255.255.0

  encapsulation ppp

  async default routing

  async mode dedicated

  dialer in-band

  dialer idle-timeout 60

  dialer map ip 192.200.10.1 name Router1

  dialer-group 1

  ppp authentication chap

  !

  ip route 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.200.10.1

  dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

  !

  line con 0

  line aux 0

  modem InOut

  modem autoconfigure discovery

  flowcontrol hardware

  !

  相關(guān)調試命令:

  debug dialer

  debug ppp authentication

  debug ppp error

  debug ppp negotiation

  debug ppp packet

  show dialer

  3. 異步撥號備份DDN專(zhuān)線(xiàn):

  此例主連接采用DDN專(zhuān)線(xiàn),備份線(xiàn)路為電話(huà)撥號。當DDN專(zhuān)線(xiàn)連接正常時(shí),主端口S0狀態(tài)為up,line protocol亦為up,則備份線(xiàn)路狀態(tài)為standby,line protocol為down,此時(shí)所有通信均通過(guò)主接口進(jìn)行。當主接口連接發(fā)生故障時(shí),端口狀態(tài)為down,則激活備份接口,完成數據通信。此方法不適合為X.25做備份。因為,配置封裝為X.25的接口只要和X.25交換機之間的連接正常其接口及l(fā)ine protocol的狀態(tài)亦為 up,它并不考慮其它地方需與之通信的路由器的狀態(tài)如何,所以若本地路由器狀態(tài)正常,而對方路由器連接即使發(fā)生故障,本地也不會(huì )激活備份線(xiàn)路。例4將會(huì )描述如何為X.25做撥號備份。

  以下是相關(guān)命令:

任務(wù) 命令
指定主線(xiàn)路改變后,次線(xiàn)路狀態(tài)發(fā)生改變的延遲時(shí)間 backup delay {enable-delay | never} {disable-delay | never}
指定一個(gè)接口作為備份接口 backup interface type number
  hostname c2522rb

  !

  enable secret 5 $1$J5vn$ceYDe2FwPhrZi6qsIIz6g0

  enable password cisco

  !

  username c4700 password 0 cisco

  ip subnet-zero

  chat-script cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT \T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT \c

  chat-script reset atz

  !

  interface Ethernet0

  ip address 16.122.51.254 255.255.255.0

  no ip mroute-cache

  !

  interface Serial0

  backup delay 10 10

  backup interface Serial2

  ip address 16.250.123.18 255.255.255.252

  no ip mroute-cache

  no fair-queue

  !

  interface Serial1

  no ip address

  no ip mroute-cache

  shutdown

  !

  interface Serial2

  physical-layer async

  ip address 16.249.123.18 255.255.255.252

  encapsulation ppp

  async mode dedicated

  dialer in-band

  dialer idle-timeout 60

  dialer map ip 16.249.123.17 name c4700 6825179

  dialer-group 1

  ppp authentication chap

  !

  interface Serial3

  no ip address

  shutdown

  no cdp enable

  !

  interface Serial4

  no ip address

  shutdown

  no cdp enable

  !

  interface Serial5

  no ip address

  no ip mroute-cache

  shutdown

  !

  interface Serial6

  no ip address

  no ip mroute-cache

  shutdown

  !

  interface Serial7

  no ip address

  no ip mroute-cache

  shutdown

  !

  interface Serial8

  no ip address

  no ip mroute-cache

  shutdown

  !

  interface Serial9

  no ip address

  no ip mroute-cache

  shutdown

  !

  interface BRI0

  no ip address

  no ip mroute-cache

  shutdown

  !

  router eigrp 200

  network 16.0.0.0

  !

  ip classless

  !

  dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

  !

  line con 0

  line 2

  script dialer cisco-default

  script reset reset

  modem InOut

  modem autoconfigure discovery

  rxspeed 38400

  txspeed 38400

  flowcontrol hardware

  line aux 0

  line vty 0 4

  password cisco

  login

  !

  end

  c2522rb#

  4. 異步撥號備份X.25:

  設置X.25的撥號備份,首先X.25連接的端口必須運行動(dòng)態(tài)路由協(xié)議,異步撥號口必須使用靜態(tài)路由.本例選擇EIGRP作為路由選擇協(xié)議,將靜態(tài)路由的Metric的值設置為200,由于EIGRP的默認Metric為90,所以當同時(shí)有兩條路徑通往同一網(wǎng)段時(shí),其中Metric值小的路徑生效,而當X.25連接出現問(wèn)題時(shí),路由器無(wú)法通過(guò)路由協(xié)議學(xué)習到路由表,則此時(shí)靜態(tài)路由生效,訪(fǎng)問(wèn)通過(guò)撥號端口實(shí)現。當X.25連接恢復正常時(shí),路由器又可以學(xué)習到路由表,則由于 Metric值的不同,靜態(tài)路由自動(dòng)被動(dòng)態(tài)路由所代替,這樣就實(shí)現了備份的功能。

  路由器Router1配置如下:

  hostname router1

  !

  enable secret 5 $1$UTvD$99YiY2XsRMxHudcYeHn.Y.

  enable password cisco

  !

  username router2 password cisco

  ip subnet-zero

  chat-script cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT \T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT \c

  chat-script reset atz

  interface Ethernet0

  ip address 202.96.38.100 255.255.255.0

  !

  interface Serial0

  ip address 202.96.0.1 255.255.255.0

  encapsulation x25

  x25 address 10112227

  x25 htc 16

  x25 map ip 202.96.0.2 10112225 broadcast

  !

  interface Serial1

  no ip address

  shutdown

  !

  !

  interface Async 1

  ip address 202.96.1.1 255.255.255.252

  encapsulation ppp

  dialer in-band

  dialer idle-timeout 60

  dialer map ip 202.96.1.2 name router2 modem-script cisco-default 2113470

  dialer-group 1

  ppp authentication chap

  !

  router eigrp 200

  redistribute connected

  network 202.96.0.0

  !

  ip route 202.96.37.0 255.255.255.0 202.96.1.2 200

  dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

  line con 0

  line aux 0

  script dialer cisco-default

  script reset reset

  modem InOut

  modem autoconfigure discovery

  transport input all

  rxspeed 38400

  txspeed 38400

  flowcontrol hardware

  line vty 0 4

  password cisco

  login

  !

  end

  路由器Router2配置如下:

  hostname router2

  !

  enable secret 5 $1$T4IU$2cIqak8f/E4Ug6dLT0k.J0

  enable password cisco

  !

  username router1 password cisco

  ip subnet-zero

  chat-script cisco-default "" "AT" TIMEOUT 30 OK "ATDT \T" TIMEOUT 30 CONNECT \c

  chat-script reset atz

  !

  interface Ethernet0

  ip address 202.96.37.100 255.255.255.0

  !

  interface Serial0

  ip address 202.96.0.2 255.255.255.0

  no ip mroute-cache

  encapsulation x25

  x25 address 10112225

  x25 htc 16

  x25 map ip 202.96.0.1 10112227 broadcast

  !

  interface Serial1

  no ip address

  shutdown

  !

  interface Async1

  ip address 202.96.1.2 255.255.255.252

  encapsulation ppp

  keepalive 30

  async default routing

  async mode dedicated

  dialer in-band

  dialer idle-timeout 60

  dialer wait-for-carrier-time 120

  dialer map ip 202.96.1.1 name router1 modem-script cisco-default 2113469

  dialer-group 1

  ppp authentication chap

  !

  router eigrp 200

  redistribute static

  network 202.96.0.0

  !

  no ip classless

  ip route 202.96.38.0 255.255.255.0 202.96.1.1 200

  dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit

  !

  line con 0

  exec-timeout 0 0

  line aux 0

  script reset reset

  modem InOut

  modem autoconfigure discovery

  transport input all

  rxspeed 38400

  txspeed 38400

  flowcontrol hardware

  line vty 0 4

  password cisco

  login

  !

  end

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