小區的變化作文例文（8篇）
一、 國際商務(wù)的概念
The Concept of International Business
1. What Is Business?
Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed, but today it has a more technical definition, which is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and service for a profit. Business includes production, i.e. the creation of products or the offer of services, distribution, sale and profit. One good example is the conversion of iron ore into metal machine tool parts. The machine tools, made up of the various parts, need to be moved from a factory to a market place or a machine dealership, which is known as distribution. The sale means the exchange of goods or services for money. For example, a machine tool is sold to someone in exchange for money or a mechanic offers a service by repairing a machine tool for money, which we call sales.
From the above, we can say, business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created. The major goal in functioning of any business company is to make profit, the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. So, creating profit or economic surplus is a primary goal of business activities.
2. What Is International Business?
International business as a field of management training deals with the special features of business activities that cross national boundaries. These activities may be movements of goods, services, capital, or personnel; transfers of technology, information, or data, or even the supervision of employees. International business has emerged as a separate branch of management training, because the growing scale and complexity of business transactions across national boundaries gives rise to new and unique problems of management and governmental policy that have received inadequate attention in traditional areas of business and economics.
Business transactions that extend between different sovereign political units are not new phenomena on the world economic scene. Some business firms have had foreign direct investments and foreign operations for many years, predominantly in (but not limited to) the fields of mining, petroleum, and agriculture. Foreign trade, moreover, has a venerable history dating back to the emergence of the nation-state. But since the end of World War II a dramatic change has occurred in the patterns of international business activities. Thousands of business firms in many nations have developed into multinational enterprises with ownership control or other links that cross national boundaries. These firms take a global view of all aspects of business ---- from markets to resources ---- and they integrate markets and production on a world scale. Traditional international trade in the form of transactions between independent firms in different nations has continued to grow. But the relative importance of trade in the total picture has declined to other forms of cross-border business transactions which have expanded more rapidly.The international business field is concerned with issues facing international companies and governments in dealing with all types of cross border business transactions. The field encompasses international transactions in commodities,
international transfers of intangibles such as technology and data, and the performance of international services such as banking and transportation. It gives special attention to the multinational enterprise ---- an enterprise based in one country and operating in one or more other countries ---- and the full range of methods open to such enterprises for doing business internationally.
3. The Scope of International Business Activities
The scope of international business covers a wide range of significant business sectors. International transactions in physical goods involve products from mining, petroleum, agriculture, and manufacturing activities. Transactions in services are extensive in the construction, hotel, tourism, business consulting, retailing and wholesaling sectors; in financial areas such as commercial and investment banking, securities, and insurance; in air and ocean transportation; and in communications media such as radio, television, telegraph, telephone, magazines, books, newspapers, news services, and movies. Transactions in intangibles occur in fields such as technology, trademarks, and cross-border date transmission.
Notes:
1. production --- 生產(chǎn)
2. distribution --- 分配
3. profit --- 利潤
4. sales ---銷(xiāo)售
5. economic surplus --- 經(jīng)濟盈余
6. management ---管理
7. to give rise to --- 引起,導致
8. inadequate --- 不足的,不充分的
9. predominantly --- 主要地,大多數
10. integrate --- 使成為一體,使合并
11. decline --- 向下傾斜
12. to deal with --- 對付,應付,處理
13. encompass --- 包含,包括
14. commodities --- 商品,農產(chǎn)品
15. scope --- 范圍,余地
16. retail --- 零售,另賣(mài)
17. wholesale --- 批發(fā),躉售
中文翻譯
一、國際商務(wù)的概念
(一)什么是商務(wù)?
傳統上，商務(wù)僅指人們所需要的物品的交換或貿易。但是，今天商業(yè)有更為科學(xué)的定義，它是指為了利潤而進(jìn)行貨物和勞務(wù)的生產(chǎn)、分配和銷(xiāo)售的一種活動(dòng)。商務(wù)包括生產(chǎn),即產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng )造和勞務(wù)的提供、分配、銷(xiāo)售和利潤。將鐵礦轉化為機床金屬零件就是一個(gè)很好的實(shí)例。由各種零件組成的機床需要從工廠(chǎng)運到市場(chǎng)或轉移給
機械經(jīng)銷(xiāo)商，這就是大家知道的分配過(guò)程。將產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù)交易成金錢(qián)就是銷(xiāo)售。例如，將一臺機床賣(mài)給某人成交得錢(qián)，或者一個(gè)機修工提供修理機床的服務(wù)而得錢(qián)，我們都稱(chēng)之為銷(xiāo)售。
綜上所述，我們可以說(shuō),商務(wù)是指生產(chǎn)、分配、銷(xiāo)售一切活動(dòng)的組合，通過(guò)這些活動(dòng)，創(chuàng )造利潤和經(jīng)濟盈余。任何一家商業(yè)公司商務(wù)活動(dòng)的主要目的就是創(chuàng )造利潤，即支付一切開(kāi)支后余下來(lái)的錢(qián)。所以創(chuàng )造利潤或經(jīng)濟盈余是商業(yè)活動(dòng)的基本目標。
(二)什么是國際商務(wù)?
國際商務(wù)作為管理訓練的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域，具有跨國家邊界商務(wù)活動(dòng)的專(zhuān)門(mén)特征。這些活動(dòng)可能是商品、服務(wù)、資金或個(gè)人的活動(dòng)，技術(shù)、信息或者數據的轉讓活動(dòng)或者甚至是對雇員的監督活動(dòng)。國際商務(wù)作為管理訓練的一個(gè)分支出現，是由于跨國界的商業(yè)交易日益增長(cháng)的范圍和復雜性產(chǎn)生了新的、特殊的管理問(wèn)題和政府政策問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題沒(méi)有在傳統的商業(yè)和經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域里受到足夠的注意。
商務(wù)(商業(yè)交易)延伸到不同的主權政治團體之間，在世界經(jīng)濟舞臺上不是新現象。一些商業(yè)公司已從事國外直接投資和國外管理許多年了，主要在(但不限于)采礦、石油、農業(yè)領(lǐng)域。然而，國外貿易從一個(gè)單一民族國家出現迄今具有悠久的歷史。但是，自從第二次世界大戰結束以來(lái)，國際商務(wù)活動(dòng)的形式發(fā)生了奇異的變化。在許多國家里，成千上萬(wàn)的公司已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為具有控制權或其他跨國界聯(lián)系的多國企業(yè)。這些企業(yè)持有對商業(yè)各方面的全球觀(guān)點(diǎn)----從市場(chǎng)到資源----他們把市場(chǎng)和生產(chǎn)結合起來(lái)發(fā)展到世界規模。傳統的國際貿易一直在各個(gè)國家獨立公司之間的貿易形式中不斷發(fā)展。但是，在整個(gè)過(guò)程中，貿易的重要性已經(jīng)傾斜到跨國商業(yè)的其他形式上，并且更迅速地發(fā)展起來(lái)。
國際商務(wù)領(lǐng)域涉及各種類(lèi)型的跨邊界商業(yè)交易問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題也是國際公司和政府面臨和解決的問(wèn)題。這個(gè)領(lǐng)域包括商品國際交易、技術(shù)、和數據這類(lèi)無(wú)形商品的國際轉讓?zhuān)约皣H服務(wù)的實(shí)行，如銀行和交通中的國際交易。它給予多國企業(yè)特殊的關(guān)注----所謂多國企業(yè)，即把一個(gè)基地設在一個(gè)國家，卻由一個(gè)國家或多個(gè)國家運作的企業(yè)，關(guān)注這些企業(yè)在國際上做生意的一整套方法。
(三)國際商務(wù)活動(dòng)范圍
國際商務(wù)活動(dòng)的范圍覆蓋重要的商業(yè)部門(mén)的一個(gè)廣大的范圍。物質(zhì)商品中的國際交易涉及礦產(chǎn)品、石油產(chǎn)品、農產(chǎn)品和生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)。服務(wù)行業(yè)中的交易擴大到建筑、旅館、旅游、商業(yè)洽談以及零售和批發(fā)部門(mén);財政領(lǐng)域中的交易如商業(yè)和投資銀行、證券和保險;航空和航海運輸中的交易;及通訊媒介方面的交易如收音機、電視、電報、電話(huà)、雜志、書(shū)籍、報紙、新聞服務(wù)和電影。無(wú)形商品交易發(fā)生在技術(shù)、商標、跨國界資料的傳遞這樣一些領(lǐng)域里。
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