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貪吃貪睡的小胖豬400字小學(xué)生作文

時(shí)間:2025-10-10 04:49:02 400字 我要投稿

貪吃貪睡的小胖豬400字小學(xué)生作文

  英語(yǔ)商務(wù)合同常識

貪吃貪睡的小胖豬400字小學(xué)生作文

  1 格式固定

  格式問(wèn)題,一般原則是客從主人。應用文體的許多格式,都是沿用已久的,具有相對固定的含義,同業(yè)見(jiàn)之,照此辦理,節省時(shí)間,沒(méi)有必要標新立異。如英文外貿信函中的結尾套語(yǔ),在大多數場(chǎng)合,使用 “yours faithfully”或 “yours sincerely”就足夠了。合同的開(kāi)頭往往都十分相似的,比如:

  This contract is made and entered into this__day of__, one thousand nine hundred __by and between__ Co., at --(hereinafter referred to as Party A) and __ Co., at__ (hereinafter referred to as Party B).

  本合同于19__年__月__日由__公司,地址:__(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)甲方)與__公司,地址:__(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)乙方)簽訂。

  2 語(yǔ)體莊重

  應用文體,雖有平易化的趨勢,但除少數體式外(如廣告),總的說(shuō)來(lái),措辭簡(jiǎn)明、莊重,屬于正式書(shū)面語(yǔ)體,翻譯時(shí)應避免使用口語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)。酌情使用文言虛詞及其它書(shū)面詞語(yǔ),往往可以起到言簡(jiǎn)意賅的效果,也可以改善長(cháng)句的分、接問(wèn)題。

  現代漢語(yǔ)應用文體習用語(yǔ) 現代漢語(yǔ)普通話(huà)用語(yǔ)

  即(連詞;副詞) 也就是;立刻、馬上

  茲、現、今(副詞) 現在

  均、皆、概(副詞) 都、全

  本(代詞) 我們、這個(gè)

  如(連詞) 如果

  之(助詞) 的(用于名詞性偏正結構中)

  未(副詞) 沒(méi)有

  至(介詞) 到

  系(動(dòng)詞) 是

  業(yè)已(副詞) 已經(jīng)

  此處(代詞、形容詞) 這里

  一味(副詞) (無(wú)對應詞)

  與否(助詞) (位于肯定的動(dòng)詞或形容詞后,“X與否”,相當于“X不X”)

  以上只是部分詞語(yǔ),旨在引起學(xué)習者注意,請看下面一些譯例:

  1) We should appreciate a prompt reply.

  如蒙即復,不勝感激。

  2) On condition that your order is more than 2 000 tons, we are prepared to offer special price of US $9.10 per set, a 5% discount.

  如定購2 000噸以上,我方準備特價(jià)報盤(pán),每套9.10美元,即給5%的折扣

  3) This is to certify that the English translated copy attached hereto is in conformity with the Chinese original copy.

  茲證明,英文譯本與中文正本內容相符。

  4) In reply to your inquiry of 25th March, we are pleased to offer you the following:

  現函復貴方3月25日詢(xún)價(jià),并報盤(pán)如下:

  5) This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.

  本合同自買(mǎi)方和建造方簽約之日生效。

  6) According to the terms agreed upon, we have drawn on you at sight against shipment through Bank of China here. We would ask you to protect the draft upon presentation.

  根據雙方協(xié)議條款,我們已開(kāi)具了這批船貨的即期匯票,通過(guò)此處中國銀行轉去,請見(jiàn)票即付。

  在英文的法律文件和商貿信函中,也有一套慣用的詞語(yǔ)。這些詞語(yǔ),雖“言之無(wú)物”,但酌情使用,能給人一種正式文書(shū)的持重感。

  現代英語(yǔ)應用文體習用語(yǔ) 現代英語(yǔ)普通話(huà)用語(yǔ)

  hereby (adv.) by this means

  herein(adv.) in this

  hereof(adv.) of, or concerning this

  hereto(adv.) to this

  herewith(adv.) with this

  whereby(adv.) by which

  7) The undersigned hereby certifies that the goods to be supplied are produced in Japan.

  下述簽署人茲保證,供貨將在日本國內制造。

  8) Please find herein a list of chemicals available at present.

  附寄目前可供化工產(chǎn)品貨單一紙,請查收。

  9) This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer a

  grees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

  買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方同意按下列條款購買(mǎi)、出售下述商品,并簽訂本合同。

  10)中國__公司與__國__公司遵照《中華人民共和國中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)法》及有關(guān)法律的規定,本著(zhù)平等互利的原則, 同意共同投資興辦合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè), 茲簽訂本合同. In accordance with the stipulations of “The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other related laws and rules, and on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, __ of the People’s Republic of China(PRC) and __ of __ , both agree to establish a Joint Venture Enterprise with joint investment and hereby sign this contract.

  應用文體, 漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ), 其習語(yǔ)都各成系統。從上面的譯例看,似乎漢語(yǔ)中的“茲”相當于英語(yǔ)中的 “hereby”。事實(shí)上,在英漢互譯中,這兩個(gè)詞并非能處處對號入座,其它的詞更是如此。這些習語(yǔ)的使用,與其說(shuō)是 “句意”的要求,不如說(shuō)是“文體”的要求。因此,根據各自語(yǔ)言表達的需要,有時(shí)可適當增譯,如例3)增譯了 “茲”,例4)增譯了“現”;有時(shí)又宜省譯,如例9)省譯了 “whereby”。

  3 措辭婉約

  俗話(huà)說(shuō):“和氣生財!保ǎ┻@是生意人的金科玉律。因此,英語(yǔ)外貿信函等應用文體,措辭十分講究分寸、得體,避免刺激對方,即使是向對方抱怨,甚至索賠,也是彬彬有禮,十分婉轉。請看下面的例子,注意劃線(xiàn)部分:

  1) We wish to advise you that the relative L/C has been established.

  茲通知,有關(guān)信用證業(yè)已開(kāi)出。

  2) I’m afraid we can’t accept your counterbid.

  很抱歉,我們無(wú)法接受你方還盤(pán)。

  3) I’m afraid we can’t come to terms if you won’t give us 3% discount.

  如果不給3%的折扣,我們恐怕很難成交。

  4) We are looking forward to the pleasure of hearing from you again soon

  .盼早日收到你方回復。

  5) Your immediate attention would be appreciated.

  請即辦理為荷。

  6) You must deliver the goods on board the S.S. “East Wind” within the time limit as stipulated in our contract, otherwise dead freight, if any, should be borne by you.

  你方必須按合同規定的期限將貨裝上 “東風(fēng)輪”,否則,空艙費將由你方負責。

  7) We are pleased to inform you that goods have been dispatched today.

  貨物今日業(yè)已啟運,特此奉告。

  8) We are interested in discussing arts and crafts business with you.

  我們有意與你們洽談工藝品業(yè)務(wù)。

  9) We are glad to learn from your letter of 21 October that you have decided to place a large order for a number of items included in our quotation of 11 October.

  從10月21日來(lái)函欣悉,貴公司決定按我公司10月11日報價(jià)單大量定購我公司多種產(chǎn)品。

  10)We might say that our products are the very best on the market.

  順便奉告,我方產(chǎn)品在市場(chǎng)上獨占鰲頭。

  11)We presume that there must be some reason for your having trouble with this article.

  我方產(chǎn)品給你們帶來(lái)麻煩,諒必事出有因。

  類(lèi)似例子,舉不勝舉,希望引起注意。上面的譯文,雖非“標準”答案,但仔細對照,我們可以悟出一些翻譯原理。比如例1),如果逐詞譯出: “我們愿告訴你有關(guān)信用證已開(kāi)出”,就會(huì )不倫不類(lèi),,讓人啼笑皆非。因此,在英漢互譯時(shí),遇上類(lèi)似的語(yǔ)句,必須注意增減變通,以期與譯語(yǔ)語(yǔ)體相吻合。

  此外,漢語(yǔ)的應用文體,還有一套敬語(yǔ),在英漢互譯時(shí)要注意靈活轉換。

  4行文嚴謹

  應用文體屬記實(shí)性文體,行文準確、嚴謹是其一大特色。試看下面一段文章:

  付款條件:

  Terms of payment:

 。1) 離岸價(jià)條款:

  a. 按合同規定賣(mài)方應在裝運之前30天用電報或函件通知買(mǎi)方合同號碼、品名、數量、價(jià)值、箱號、毛重、尺寸及可在發(fā)運港口交貨,以便買(mǎi)方訂艙。

  (1)In case of F.O.B. Terms

  a. The Seller shall, 30 days before the date of shipment stipulated in the contract, advise the Buyer by cable / letter of the Contract NO. , commodity, quantity, value, number of package, gross weight, measurement and the date of readiness at the port of shipment for the Buyer to book shipping space.

  b. 賣(mài)方對運貨船抵達后由于未能按期將貨物運交裝運港口而造成的誤船或滯留裝運應承擔責任。

  b. The Seller shall be liable for any dead freight or demurrage(逾期費), should it happen that he has failed to have the commodity ready for loading after the carrying vessel has arrived at the port of shipment on time.

  c. 在貨物裝運之前,賣(mài)方應承擔貨物的全部費用與風(fēng)險,而在貨物裝運之后,貨物的全部費用則由買(mǎi)方承擔。

  c. The Seller shall bear all expenses, risks of the commodity before it passes over the vessel’s rail and is released from the tackle. After it has passed over the vessel’s rail and has been released from the tackle, all expenses of the commodity shall be for the Buyer’s account.

  以上是一份“售購合同”付款條件的一部分,給人的感覺(jué)是:行文刻板、拘謹、單調,但條理清楚、措辭準確、滴水不漏。 應用文體,大至國家法規,國際經(jīng)濟組織章程和文件,小至某項業(yè)務(wù)的合同,各類(lèi)涉外公證書(shū)、信用證、提單等,都是具有法律效力的文件與單證。擬稿或翻譯時(shí)稍有差錯,往往導致貿易糾紛,造成經(jīng)濟損失,甚至帶來(lái)不良的政治影響。要避免錯誤,譯者宜注意以下幾個(gè)方面:

 。ㄒ唬┙y一譯名,避免歧義

  應用文體中,一些術(shù)語(yǔ)或關(guān)鍵詞,都有嚴格的意義。在同一篇材料里,為了避免造成概念混亂,使讀者疑為另有所指,原則上要求譯名保持前后一致。如果一開(kāi)始將 “technical know-how”譯成“專(zhuān)有技術(shù)”,就不要中途改譯“技術(shù)秘密”或“專(zhuān)門(mén)技術(shù)”;如果一開(kāi)始將 “information”譯為“情報”,就不要中途改譯“信息”。在重要的合同里,關(guān)鍵詞都會(huì )有明確的書(shū)面定義。例如:

  Section 1:Party A shall deliver to Party B as soon as possible after this Agreement becomes effective, but in any event within 60 days thereafter, at Party B’s address set forth above, all the Technical and Sales Information relating to Licensed Product.

  第一條:甲方應盡快在協(xié)議生效后,或最遲在本協(xié)議生效后六十天內,按上開(kāi)乙方地址交給乙方有關(guān)特許產(chǎn)品的全部技術(shù)與銷(xiāo)售情報。

  Definitions

  Section1. The term Technical and Sales Information as used herein shall mean all data and information which A owns on the date hereof or develop or acquire during the term of this agreement , and which relates to the manufacture and / or sale of licensed Products and includes assembly and detailed drawings, parts lists, material specifications and manufacturing methods and procedures relating to the licensed Products as well as sales and publicity materials such as catalogs, explanation materials, pamphlets, photographs, layout books, and sales materials.

  定義:

  第一條:本協(xié)議所用“技術(shù)與銷(xiāo)售情報”的含義,是指甲方在本協(xié)議期間發(fā)展或獲得的,同生產(chǎn)和/ 或銷(xiāo)售“特許產(chǎn)品”有關(guān)的組裝或部分圖紙、配件表、原料規格、生產(chǎn)方法、生產(chǎn)程序以及推銷(xiāo)宣傳材料,諸如:目錄、使用說(shuō)明書(shū)、小冊子、照片、圖樣書(shū)冊和銷(xiāo)售資料等。

 。ǘ 不厭

  其詳,但求嚴謹

  總的說(shuō)來(lái),應用文體措辭簡(jiǎn)潔,但另一方面,為了避免歧義或差錯,擬稿和翻譯時(shí),又要不厭其詳。有些文字,看似多余,但求嚴謹,又是必不可少的。如果將“裝貨 須在4月1日至5月1日完成” 英譯成“Shipment is to be effected during the period beginning on April 1and ending on May 1”,我們就不清楚這個(gè)裝貨期限是否包括4月1日和5月1日這兩天。根據漢語(yǔ)原意,為明確起見(jiàn),譯文就應增補“both dates inclusive”。

  在“售購合同”里,常會(huì )有程式化的句子,如:

  買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方同意,按下列條款由買(mǎi)方購進(jìn),由賣(mài)方出售下述商品,并簽訂本合同。

  譯為:

  The Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

  “合同”的訂立,英語(yǔ)同時(shí)使用了 “by” 和“between”兩個(gè)介詞,這也是英語(yǔ)合同語(yǔ)言嚴謹的一個(gè)表現,表示該“合同”是由雙方訂立,并在雙方之間執行,不涉及任何第三方。再者,如果泛指 “條款”,譯文不能漏掉“conditions”, 因為某個(gè)合同條款的達成經(jīng)常包括若干條件。以合同中的“支付條款(terms of payment)”為例,在合同簽訂前,買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方首先要商討采用什么方式支付,如:是采用信用證支付,還是采用銀行托收。如果雙方商定采用信用證支付方 式,也就是把 “terms”定下來(lái)了。此后雙方須進(jìn)一步商討與此有關(guān)的 “conditions”,比如買(mǎi)方何時(shí)開(kāi)立信用證,如果買(mǎi)方不按時(shí)開(kāi)證怎么辦等,這些有關(guān)支付的 “terms” 和“conditions” 合在一起,才構成合同中的“支付條款”。

  在外貿英語(yǔ)里,我們常會(huì )看到and / or這樣的結構,這種結構的運用,也是行文嚴謹的一個(gè)表現,翻譯時(shí)應特別注意不要漏譯。例如:

  Advance freight and/or freight payable at destination shall be paid to the carrier in full, irrespective (regardless) of whatever damage or loss may happen to ship and cargo or either of them.

  預付運費和到付運費,或其中之一,無(wú)論船舶及所載貨物,或其中之一遭受任何損壞或滅失,都應毫不例外地全額付給承運人。

 。ㄈ┩魄迷~義,準確措辭

  涉外文書(shū),往往涉及某項業(yè)務(wù)雙方的權利和義務(wù),弄不好則發(fā)生糾紛,因此,其譯文質(zhì)量如何,與措辭是否準確有極大的關(guān)系。措辭要求最為嚴格的算是涉外合同的翻譯了。為了維護法律的尊嚴,一詞一語(yǔ)都應力求無(wú)懈可擊。下面以《中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)法》的英譯文為例,加以說(shuō)明:

  1. 此法中多處提到“外國合營(yíng)者”和“中國合營(yíng)者”,起初分別譯為 “foreign partners” 和“Chinese partners”(即“外國合股人”和“中國合股人”),然而 “partner”一詞卻大有空子可鉆。因為根據國際慣例,所有“partners”是要共同承擔經(jīng)濟責任和風(fēng)險的。比如,你在中國做生意,但若你的 “partners”未經(jīng)你的同意在美國借了錢(qián),你也必須完全負責任。因此,此法定稿時(shí),將“合營(yíng)者”的譯法全部有“partners”改成了 “participants”。

  2. 此法第八條規定:“合營(yíng)者的注冊資本如果轉讓須經(jīng)合營(yíng)各方同意!边@句最初譯為:

  A transfer of the registered capital belonging to any partner shall be effected with the consent of the other partner or partners.

  后來(lái)改譯為:

  The transfer of one party’s share in the registered capital shall be effected only with the consent of the other parties to the venture.

  第二種譯法,除未使用“partner” 外,還將“the registered capital belonging to any partner(屬于任何一個(gè)經(jīng)營(yíng)者的注冊資本)”改為“one party’s share in the registered capital(一個(gè)合營(yíng)者在注冊資本中所占的份額)”,想來(lái)是很有道理的。因為注冊資本是整個(gè)企業(yè)的注冊資本,不存在你的或我的注冊資本。

  3. 此法第十條說(shuō):“鼓勵外國合營(yíng)者將可匯出的外幣存入中國銀行!贝司湓g為:

  A foreign participant shall be encouraged to deposit in the Bank of China any part of the foreign exchange which he is entitled to remit abroad.

  后來(lái)改譯為:

  A foreign participant shall receive encouragements for depositing in the Bank of China any part of the foreign exchange which he is entitled to remit abroad.

  第二種譯法將 “be

  encouraged” 改為 “receive encouragements” 兩者的意思是大不一樣的。前者只是道義上的概念,并無(wú)法律和經(jīng)濟上的意義。兩種譯文都增加了“any part”, 這樣處理是不得已的,因為如果不譯成“any part of the foreign exchange”而譯成“the foreign exchange”, 那就意味著(zhù)外國合營(yíng)者只是在將他可以匯出的全部外匯存入中國銀行時(shí)才能受到優(yōu)待,存一部分時(shí)就不受到優(yōu)待,反而與中文意思不符。此外,兩種譯文都將“可匯出的外匯”譯成“which he is entitled to remit abroad”, 而沒(méi)有譯成 “which he may remit abroad”, 是因為“可匯出,還是不可匯出”,此處是個(gè)法律概念,所以,用 “be entitled(有權)”一語(yǔ)來(lái)表達更為恰當。

  除涉外合同外,正式的外貿函電也具有法律效力,因此,翻譯時(shí)也務(wù)必講究分寸,措辭準確,這里就不再贅述了。

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