ETS Propell托福培訓心得
綜合寫(xiě)作高分核心要求
業(yè)界一直對于托福綜合寫(xiě)作拿高分的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)有所爭議，這次培訓我們得到了對于公開(kāi)評分標準的進(jìn)一步解釋材料，綜合寫(xiě)作高分標準如下：
Selects and presents the relevant main points from both the lecture and the reading
(從閱讀和聽(tīng)力材料中選取主要信息點(diǎn)，即我們常說(shuō)的閱讀三個(gè)主要信息點(diǎn)和聽(tīng)力三個(gè)信息點(diǎn))
Demonstrates the relationship between each of the main points of the lecture and the reading.
(闡述閱讀和聽(tīng)力材料各自三個(gè)主要信息點(diǎn)的關(guān)系)
Adds supporting details.
(補充細節信息)
其中，對于第一個(gè)要求同學(xué)們大多都了解，即在寫(xiě)綜合寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候，閱讀和聽(tīng)力材料的三個(gè)主要信息點(diǎn)都要寫(xiě)上。但問(wèn)題往往出在第二個(gè)寫(xiě)作要求上，雖然主要信息點(diǎn)都寫(xiě)了，但是寫(xiě)作方法不對，既未能“闡述”閱讀和聽(tīng)力材料各自三個(gè)主要信息點(diǎn)的關(guān)系。閱讀材料和聽(tīng)力材料的關(guān)系并不總是那么顯而易見(jiàn)，雖然聽(tīng)力材料總是對閱讀材料進(jìn)行反駁，但到底是怎么反駁的呢?這就要求同學(xué)們能快速理解、把握(而非靠猜)閱讀和聽(tīng)力材料的意思。第三，如果你想在綜合寫(xiě)作拿逼近絕對高分的分數，還要在上述基礎之上補充閱讀和聽(tīng)力材料的細節信息。
我們來(lái)看一段ETS給出的綜合寫(xiě)作高分范文的節選：
The second point of the lecture argues against the reading passage's opinion about the Chevalier's conversation with Voltaire. (闡述聽(tīng)力和閱讀材料的信息點(diǎn)的關(guān)系)
The reading passage argues that the conversations may not be accurate, (閱讀主要信息點(diǎn))
because the conversations had taken place long before it was recorded. (閱讀補充細節)
However, according to the lecture, the Chevalier used to write down every conversation with Voltaire, (聽(tīng)力主要信息點(diǎn)) immediately after they had finished conversing. As a result, the Chevalier could use his notes and journal s to complete his memories with Voltaire. (聽(tīng)力補充細節)
獨立寫(xiě)作對于寫(xiě)作思路/內容的要求
在托福獨立寫(xiě)作中，很多同學(xué)感到疑惑，我文章中用于支撐我觀(guān)點(diǎn)的理由和寫(xiě)作思路(可被籠統稱(chēng)為論證)到底到達一個(gè)什么樣的水平才算是滿(mǎn)足高分評分標準中“well organized, and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations…displays unity, progression, and coherence”的要求。
在此次培訓中，ETS培訓師明確指出，托福作為語(yǔ)言考試，雖然文章思路(reason)很重要，但是弱于對語(yǔ)言的要求�？忌陉U述支撐自己觀(guān)點(diǎn)的理由的時(shí)候，只要能做到“connects all ideas, and so the reader does not have to guess at intended meaning”即可滿(mǎn)足高分要求。也就是說(shuō)，考生在寫(xiě)作時(shí)，應注意自己中間段每句話(huà)之間都有聯(lián)系，并且句子內容是解釋、支撐自己理由和觀(guān)點(diǎn)的即可。
我們來(lái)看兩段此次ETS培訓所給出的官方范文節選：
題目：A teacher's ability to relate well with students is more important than excellent knowledge of the subject being taught. (老師和學(xué)生處好關(guān)系的能力比對自己所教學(xué)科有優(yōu)秀知識更重要)
4分范文中間段(反對題目觀(guān)點(diǎn))：
First, teachers' job is to educate their student with their knowledge. (老師的職責是傳授知識) The ability to relate well with their student is something a counselor should possess, not a teacher. (跟學(xué)生處好關(guān)系是輔導員而非教師的職責) That's why the board of education gives an award to a teacher with an excellent knowledge of the subject they teach. (這就是為什么教學(xué)委員會(huì )給擁有優(yōu)秀知識的教師頒獎) Teachers who can get alone with their students but have no knowledge can be popular and be liked by his or her students, however I don't consider a teacher with no knowledge a good teacher. (能和學(xué)生處好關(guān)系但是沒(méi)有知識的教師不是好教師)
中間段思路分析：在這個(gè)中間段中，作者不同意題目觀(guān)點(diǎn)的理由是教師的職責是傳授知識而非跟學(xué)生處好關(guān)系– 那是輔導員而非教師的職責。教師因為對自己所授學(xué)科了解全面所以獲得嘉獎，而那些只會(huì )和學(xué)生處好關(guān)系但是沒(méi)有知識的老師不是好老師。
5分范文中間段(同意題目觀(guān)點(diǎn))：
A teacher's primary goal is to teach students the best they can about the things that are in our textbooks and more important, how to show respect for one another. They teach us how to live a better life by getting along with everyone. In order to do that, the teachers themselves have to be able to relate well with students.
中間段思路分析：老師有兩個(gè)主要職責，一個(gè)是傳授知識，另一個(gè)(也是更重要的)是教學(xué)生互相尊重。老師教我們如何跟他人相處而有更好的生活，但這一點(diǎn)的`前提是他們自己能和學(xué)生處好關(guān)系。
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(Example)
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Knowledge of the subject being taught is something taken for granted, but at the same time, secondary. One must go through and pass a series of courses and tests in order to become a teacher. Any teacher is able to have excellent knowledge of their subject but not all teachers can have the ability to relate well with students.
中間段思路分析：教授知識即是理所應當的，也是次要的。每個(gè)老師都要經(jīng)歷一系列的測試才能成為老師。任何老師都能對自己所教授的學(xué)科擁有良好的知識，但是不是每個(gè)老師都能和學(xué)生處好關(guān)系。
總結：這兩個(gè)中間段的寫(xiě)作思路很不一樣。第一個(gè)是通過(guò)解釋教師的職責是教授學(xué)生，所以教師擁有優(yōu)秀學(xué)術(shù)能力更重要。而第二個(gè)的寫(xiě)作思路則是闡述為什么跟學(xué)生處好關(guān)系比擁有學(xué)術(shù)知識更重要而去支撐自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。但是這兩個(gè)中間段都做到了每句話(huà)與每句話(huà)之間聯(lián)系緊密，并且契合題目。
獨立寫(xiě)作對于寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言的要求
此次ETS培訓對于寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言要求也給出了較為明確的指導意見(jiàn)。一篇高分獨立作文應滿(mǎn)足以下要求：
Contains a range of grammatical structures 一系列的語(yǔ)法結構
These are (grammatical structures) are appropriately used 語(yǔ)法結構被恰當使用
Do not interfere with reader's understanding 小錯誤不影響讀者的理解
從以上評分標準我們可以看出，托�？荚噷�(xiě)作部分并不要求考生使用復雜的語(yǔ)法結構，而是要求各類(lèi)語(yǔ)法結構能交替并準確使用。而且非常重要的一點(diǎn)是語(yǔ)言表達不影響考官理解你想表達的句子意思。
我們來(lái)看一下上篇4分范文另一個(gè)中間段所犯的語(yǔ)言錯誤：
Thirdly, teachers are responsible for conceding (not clear exactly what word is intended here, 此處conceding用詞不當) their knowledge to their next generation. Teachers already had an experience of getting advantaged education (advanced education or advantaged education? “advantaged education”這個(gè)詞表意不清) from college. Teachers should not let that privilege become useless and workless. We all learn because we want to become the better person that this world needs. (connection between two sentences? 句與句直接沒(méi)有聯(lián)系) Students will also eventually grow up to be influencing other people and teachers should voluntarily be their students’ role models.
總結：在這個(gè)中間段中，考生使用了一系列的語(yǔ)法結構，其中包括動(dòng)名詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，復合句和從句的使用，其中部分句型同時(shí)使用了兩種語(yǔ)法結構，比如在最后一句話(huà)中，考生同時(shí)使用了動(dòng)詞不定式和and所連接的復合句，因此滿(mǎn)足了一系列的語(yǔ)法結構的要求。但是考生之所以在這篇文章中只拿到4分是因為這段出現數個(gè)表意不清和句與句之間沒(méi)有聯(lián)系的錯位，這說(shuō)明托�？荚噷τ谡Z(yǔ)言使用的準確性和表意清晰的要求高于語(yǔ)法結構的復雜性。
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