2016年托�？荚囬喿x中句子解讀的障礙

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　　1) 定語(yǔ)

　　前置定語(yǔ): adj+n

　　后置定語(yǔ):

　　n+ adj phrase形容詞短語(yǔ): a book useful for you

　　prep phrase介詞短語(yǔ): a pen on the desk

　　v-ing/-ed phrase分詞短語(yǔ): a person walking on the road; a tool developed for the project

　　不定式: a way to solve the problem

　　注:

　　²分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)時(shí),其邏輯主語(yǔ)是其修飾的名詞

　　²不定代詞只能用后置定語(yǔ)修飾

　　²不定式作后置定語(yǔ)其邏輯主語(yǔ)是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem

　　定語(yǔ)從句:

　　²關(guān)系代詞引導定語(yǔ)從句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which, who, whom引導的是非完整句, whose 引導的是完整句)

　　²關(guān)系連詞: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引導的是完整句

　　²介詞+關(guān)系代詞: in which, 此關(guān)系代詞不包括what

　　2) 同位語(yǔ): 同插入語(yǔ)一樣處理----刪除

　　A, B( 定語(yǔ)從句/同位語(yǔ)從句)

　　A, or B

　　A that + 句子( 完整句)

　　A of B: the city of Beijing

　　3) 狀語(yǔ): 處理方式----隔離

　　Adv 副詞

　　Prep phrase 介詞短語(yǔ)

　　分詞短語(yǔ)

　　不定式

　　注: 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)其邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)

　　4) 并列結構

　　并列連詞的用法: 并列連詞連接結構\功能\性質(zhì)均相同的成分----必須完全對等

　　5) that引導的各種從句

　　S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----賓語(yǔ)從句

　　S+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)+句子----表語(yǔ)從句

　　It + Vi + that +句子

　　It + be + adj +that +句子 完整句

　　That +句子+ V

　　N+ that +句子+ 同位語(yǔ)(完整句)

　　定語(yǔ)從句(非完整句)

　　S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright.

　　S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定語(yǔ)從句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位語(yǔ)從句).

　　(2) 復雜句的閱讀方法----層次化句子閱讀法

　　1) 括號匹配

　　…… 關(guān)聯(lián)詞 (完整句)

　　…… (關(guān)聯(lián)詞+ 非完整句)

　　2) 劃右括號的條件:

　　句子終結

　　連接句子的并列連詞或標點(diǎn)符號之前

　　例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously) and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)

　　例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.

　　例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位語(yǔ),刪除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).

　　例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位語(yǔ)，刪除), was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.

　　例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).

　　例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).

　　例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier) 獨立主格結構.

　　例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790’s)〕, North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process))

　　例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)

　　例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位語(yǔ))introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕 and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 〔devoted to its encouragement〕.

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