CR解析：GMAT - Method of Reasoning 方法類(lèi)題型
Critical Reasoning (批判性推理)作為以邏輯能力為代表的典型題目，更是需要你時(shí)時(shí)刻刻保持清晰的思路。就CR而言，CR Bible邏輯圣經(jīng)給我們提供了一套很實(shí)用的思考體系。今天yjbys網(wǎng)小編將帶大家了解CR當中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn)題型：Method of Reasoning 演繹題。
Method of Reasoning的常見(jiàn)提問(wèn)方式：
The method of the argument is to
The argument proceeds by
The argument drives its conclusion by
Which of the following describes the technique of reasoning used above?
Which of the following is an argumentative strategy employed in the argument?
The argument employed which one of the following reasoning techniques?
簡(jiǎn)而言之，Method題型里面，作者會(huì )問(wèn)你問(wèn)你原文作者用了什么樣的論證手法(argumentative strategy, technique, method)
解這類(lèi)型的題目，首先需要你去讀懂原文的論證過(guò)程，所以建議你首先去分析哪句話(huà)是conclusion，哪些句話(huà)是premises。并且，有時(shí)候即使我們分析完了conclusion和premises，也不一定能立刻就選出選項。通常選項會(huì )用一些抽象詞匯來(lái)替代原文的Premise和conclusion。而我們要做的，就是判斷這些抽象詞匯是否準確地形容了premise和conclusion的性質(zhì)，如果原文的句子能夠和答案的說(shuō)法對號入座，那么答案就是正確的。
以下例題摘自Prep12 Question Pack
Case Study 1
Sonya: The government of Copeland is raising the cigarette tax. Copeland's cigarette prices will still be reasonably low, so cigarette consumption will probably not be affected much. Consequently, government revenue from the tax will increase.
Raoul: True, smoking is unlikely to decrease, because Copeland's cigarette prices will stil not be high. They will, however, no longer be the lowest in the region, so we might begin to see substantial illegal sales of smuggled cigarettes in Copeland.
Raoul responds to Sonya's argument by doing which of the following?
A. Questioning the support for Sonya's conclusion by distinguishing carefully between no change and no decrease
B. Calling Sonya's conclusion into question by pointing to a possible effect of a certain change
C. Arguing that Sonya's conclusion would be better supported if Sonya could cite a precedent for what she predicts will happen
D. Showing that a cause that Sonya claims will be producing a certain effect is not the only cause that could produce that effect
E. Pointing out that a certain initiative is not bold enough to have the effect that Sonya predicts it will have
解析
原題解構-邏輯釋義
Sonya:
Premise: C地政府準備提高香煙稅收，但是該地香煙價(jià)格會(huì )依然較低。
Premise: 香煙的消耗量不會(huì )怎么受影響。
Conclusion: 政府從香煙方面的稅收也不會(huì )堅守。
Raoul:
Premise: 香煙的消耗的確不會(huì )減少。
Premise: 可是政府的香煙卻不再是最低價(jià)，
Conclusion: 所以我們會(huì )看到C地出現很多非法運輸香煙。
題目問(wèn)Raoul(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)R)是如何反擊Sonya(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)S)的，即Raoul的反擊手法。R提到了提稅之后，雖然香煙價(jià)格不會(huì )上升(這里是贊同了S的推理)，但是會(huì )出現更多非法運輸煙(這是第S忽略考慮到的)。非法運輸煙出現之后擠占政府的份額，從而政府的香煙稅收會(huì )變少。
A. Questioning the support for Sonya's conclusion by distinguishing carefully between no change and no decrease
A. “通過(guò)區分no change和no decrease來(lái)質(zhì)疑S的支持證據�！� 也就是說(shuō)R去質(zhì)疑了S的premise。
逐項分析：實(shí)際上R是贊同了S提出的兩個(gè)premise的基礎上來(lái)weaken對方。所以選項內說(shuō)questioning the support說(shuō)法錯誤。
B. Calling Sonya's conclusion into question by pointing to a possible effect of a certain change
B. 通過(guò)提出這個(gè)改革的一個(gè)結果來(lái)質(zhì)疑S的結論。
逐項分析：出現非法運輸煙這是提稅的一個(gè)結果，所以可以選B：by pointing to a possible effect of a certain change
C. Arguing that Sonya's conclusion would be better supported if Sonya could cite a precedent for what she predicts will happen
C. 提到S如果為自己的預測區原因實(shí)例例的話(huà)，S的論證會(huì )更堅固。
逐項分析：R并未去建議S要引入新的例子。排除
D. Showing that a cause that Sonya claims will be producing a certain effect is not the only cause that could produce that effect
D. 提出S提到的原因并不是造成該種結果的唯一原因。
逐項分析：R提到了某個(gè)原因(提稅)可能會(huì )有多個(gè)結果，而不是說(shuō)一個(gè)結果會(huì )有多個(gè)原因。
E. Pointing out that a certain initiative is not bold enough to have the effect that Sonya predicts it will have
E. 指出某個(gè)措施沒(méi)有S預測的那么強力的效果。
逐項分析：其實(shí)S本身也預測提稅的效果比較弱，不會(huì )影響香煙價(jià)格，所以在這方面，S和R兩個(gè)人并沒(méi)有什么沖突。
Case Study 2
Correctly measuring the productivity of service workers is complex. Consider, for example, postal workers: they are often said to be more productive if more letters are delivered per postal worker. But is this really true? What if more letters are lost or delayed per worker at the same time that more are delivered?
The objection implied above to the productivity measure described is based on doubts about the truth of which of the following statements?
(A) Postal workers are representative of service workers in general.
(B) The delivery of letters is the primary activity of the postal service.
(C) Productivity should be ascribed to categories of workers, not to individuals.
(D) The quality of services rendered can appropriately be ignored in computing productivity.
(E) The number of letters delivered is relevant to measuring the productivity of postal workers.
解析
原題解構-邏輯釋義
第一句話(huà)似乎概括了原文的conclusion:衡量服務(wù)工作者的效率是很復雜了。接著(zhù)舉了一個(gè)例子：郵遞員遞送越多的信就會(huì )被認為越有效率。接著(zhù)作者提出了一些質(zhì)疑：如果遞送的越多，相應的延誤和丟失的情況越多怎么辦呢?
先提了一個(gè)通常的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，接著(zhù)對這個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反駁。提出了說(shuō)：遞送數量越高的郵遞員“服務(wù)質(zhì)量”不一定高(延誤和丟件可能比較多)
簡(jiǎn)化一下這個(gè)提問(wèn)：the objection is based on doubt on which of following. objection就是最后一句，問(wèn)我們這個(gè)objection是基于對哪句話(huà)的質(zhì)疑而提出的，也就是說(shuō)這個(gè)Objection肯定和下面那句話(huà)是沖突的，我們只要找到?jīng)_突的那句話(huà)就好了。
A. Postal workers are representative of service workers in general.
A. 郵遞員能夠作為服務(wù)行業(yè)的代表。
逐項分析：Objection并未反對郵遞員的代表性，Objection甚至還順著(zhù)郵遞員這個(gè)思路舉例子，說(shuō)明Objection是贊同把郵遞員作為服務(wù)業(yè)代表的這種看法的。
B. The delivery of letters is the primary activity of the postal service.
B. 遞信是郵遞員的主要工作。
逐項分析：同樣的，Objection也承認了這個(gè)看法，以郵遞工作的數量和質(zhì)量來(lái)代表郵遞員的productivity.
C. Productivity should be ascribed to categories of workers, not to individuals.
C. 生產(chǎn)效率應該衡量一個(gè)工種，而不是一個(gè)個(gè)人。
逐項分析：這是無(wú)關(guān)答案，這里的Objection并未談到整個(gè)行業(yè)或者個(gè)人的效率。
D. The quality of services rendered can appropriately be ignored in computing productivity.
D. 在計算productivity的時(shí)候服務(wù)質(zhì)量可以被忽略。
逐項分析：這句話(huà)和Objection沖突。Objection提到了了說(shuō)信件延遲和丟件怎么辦，是為了說(shuō)明服務(wù)質(zhì)量應該被考慮進(jìn)productivity。
E. The number of letters delivered is relevant to measuring the productivity of postal workers.
E. 遞信的數量和郵遞員的生產(chǎn)效率相關(guān)。
逐項分析：這是個(gè)迷惑答案，注意，Objection并未否認“遞信數量和生產(chǎn)率的相關(guān)性", Objection是否認“只關(guān)注遞信數量的行為”。也就是說(shuō)Objection認為，衡量productivity的話(huà)，不僅要看郵遞數量還要看郵遞質(zhì)量。
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