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全國英語(yǔ)等級考試pets四級精選閱讀加分訓練
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Scientific Theories
In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.
A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experiments to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.
Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said,"Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house." Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.
In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes observations to test hypotheses. Without hypothesis, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.
科學(xué)理論
在科學(xué)中，理論是對所觀(guān)察到的相關(guān)事件的合理解釋。理論通常包含一個(gè)虛構的模型，這個(gè)模型幫助科學(xué)家構想所觀(guān)察到的事件是如何發(fā)生的。分子運動(dòng)理論便是我們能找到的一個(gè)很好的例子。在這個(gè)理論中，氣體被描繪成由許多不斷運動(dòng)的小顆粒組成。
一個(gè)有用的理論，除了能夠解釋過(guò)去的觀(guān)測，還有助于預測那些未被觀(guān)測到的事件。一個(gè)理論公開(kāi)后，科學(xué)家們設計實(shí)驗來(lái)檢驗這個(gè)理論。如果觀(guān)察證實(shí)了科學(xué)家的預言，這個(gè)理論則得到了驗證。如果觀(guān)察不能證實(shí)科學(xué)家的預言，科學(xué)家就必須進(jìn)一步的研究�；蛟S是實(shí)驗存在錯誤，或許是這個(gè)理論必須被修改或拋棄。
科學(xué)家除了收集信息和操作實(shí)驗外還需要想象能力和創(chuàng )/造性思維。事實(shí)本身并不是科學(xué)。正如數學(xué)家喬斯·亨利·波恩克爾所說(shuō)："科學(xué)建立在事實(shí)之上，就像房子用磚砌成一樣。但事實(shí)的收集不能被稱(chēng)作科學(xué)，就像一堆磚不能被叫作房子一樣。"多數科學(xué)家通過(guò)找出別的科學(xué)家在一個(gè)特定問(wèn)題上的所知來(lái)開(kāi)始研究。在收集了已知事實(shí)之后，科學(xué)家開(kāi)始了研究中需要相當想像力的部分。他們爾后擬訂對這個(gè)問(wèn)題的可行的解決方法。這些可行的解決方式被稱(chēng)為假設。
在某種意義上，任何假設都是向未知的跳躍。它使科學(xué)家的思維超越已知事實(shí)�？茖W(xué)家計劃實(shí)驗、計算、觀(guān)測以檢驗假定。若沒(méi)有假設，進(jìn)一步的研究便缺乏目的和方向。當假設被證實(shí)了，就成為理論的一部分。
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