最新英語(yǔ)畢業(yè)論文提綱范文
1、總 綱
畢業(yè)論文，是大學(xué)本科教學(xué)的最后1個(gè)環(huán)節。是對整個(gè)大學(xué)階段學(xué)習的回顧與總結，是學(xué)生綜合能力的體現，也是對學(xué)生的1次語(yǔ)言及相關(guān)科學(xué)研究的1次基本訓練，因此，要求學(xué)生以高度認真負責的態(tài)度對待此項工作。
做好畢業(yè)論文的指導工作是整個(gè)大學(xué)教學(xué)和教育的重要和必要內容，也是理論教學(xué)的重要組成部分。每1位教師都要以高度的社會(huì )責任感和敬業(yè)精神投入到此項工作中去，指導學(xué)生順利完成畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)。
2、 畢業(yè)論文的階段及要求(1)準備：學(xué)生可以自由選擇研究范圍(語(yǔ)言、文學(xué)、文化、社會(huì )問(wèn)題、應用英語(yǔ)、經(jīng)濟、貿易、科技、社會(huì )生活等)，但要在教師的指導下對研究對象進(jìn)行資料的收集整理和分析來(lái)確定畢業(yè)論文題目。
(2)撰寫(xiě)提綱： 學(xué)生在指導教師的指導下分析和研究所采集的資料的基礎上，撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文提綱。同時(shí)也要求每1位指導教師在學(xué)生形成畢業(yè)論文提綱前1定要與每位被指導的學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論，畢業(yè)論文提綱應盡量做到全面縝密，理順所要論述內容，避免以后反復修改。
(3)第1稿：要求學(xué)生必須嚴格按照指導教師審定后的畢業(yè)論文提綱進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作, 不可自行其是，隨意更換主題。第1稿完成以后，指導教師主要檢查學(xué)生是否按照既定的提綱和思想在寫(xiě)作，及時(shí)發(fā)現問(wèn)題及時(shí)糾正。如學(xué)生采取不認真的態(tài)度，指導教師應對其提出嚴肅的批評教育，拒不接受者，指導教師有權提出相應的處理意見(jiàn)，或交學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文工作小組處理。如果指導教師不認真指導，隨意放學(xué)生過(guò)關(guān)，以后階段出現的問(wèn)題由該教師本人負責。(5)第3稿：要求學(xué)生在文風(fēng)、文章格式、修辭等方面有所提高。指導教師要對第3稿進(jìn)行全面的審閱，并提出修改意見(jiàn)，以保證定稿打印時(shí)所有的錯誤和疏漏都得到更正，錯誤率控制在規定范圍內。同時(shí)，教師還要提醒學(xué)生在打印前再校對，以保證盡可能地將正確的版本打印出來(lái)。
(6)畢業(yè)論文答辯：畢業(yè)論文的答辯是畢業(yè)論文工作的最后階段，要求學(xué)生予以充分的準備和重視。論文答辯前，學(xué)生們必須充分熟悉論文，答辯時(shí)，要求學(xué)生能脫稿進(jìn)行5~10分鐘的畢業(yè)論文內容的陳述，并流利、準確地回答答辯委員提出的問(wèn)題。在答辯過(guò)程中，參加答辯的教師要對答辯人的語(yǔ)言技能(語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、詞匯、語(yǔ)用)、口筆頭能力、論文內容和答辯的表現進(jìn)行認真紀錄，客觀(guān)公正地評分。
2、 畢業(yè)論文的內容：
畢業(yè)論文的內容可以涉及語(yǔ)言知識、與語(yǔ)言有關(guān)的問(wèn)題(如，語(yǔ)言教學(xué)、文化等)和相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)的知識和內容(如經(jīng)濟、貿易、管理、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)等)。其他內容，須經(jīng)論文審題小組集體審定。學(xué)生有選擇的論文內容的自由，指導教師可以提出建議，但不能代替學(xué)生做出決定。論文內容要能反映社會(huì )和時(shí)代特征，具有理論價(jià)值或實(shí)踐意義，有新穎性。論文可以對某個(gè)理論問(wèn)題的探討，也可以是實(shí)踐問(wèn)題的解決。論文不僅要反映學(xué)生的綜合能力，而且要反映他們對相關(guān)問(wèn)題的較為正確的論述，要有1定的獨立見(jiàn)解。論文必須做到主題明確、論據清晰、內容具體而充實(shí)，切忌空談。寫(xiě)翻譯的論文，除實(shí)例分析外，還要提供原文的譯文，以便弄清譯論的依據。如果論文是實(shí)踐性的，它必須提出1定的解決途徑、方案。
3、 畢業(yè)論文的評審：
指導教師在對論文評定成績(jì)時(shí)，要參照學(xué)生的學(xué)習成績(jì)、平時(shí)表現出的語(yǔ)言水平和專(zhuān)業(yè)8級考試的成績(jì)，以正確衡量學(xué)生真實(shí)的語(yǔ)言和認識水平。指導教師對學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文成績(jì)提出異議，如不被采納，可提交學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文工作小組商議和仲裁。指導教師如發(fā)現學(xué)生的畢業(yè)論文有抄襲現象，應及時(shí)向學(xué)生指出，學(xué)生若不接受批評，指導教師應提交到學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文工作小組處理，嚴重者取消論文資格。指導教師應杜絕送分的做法，也不可因個(gè)人原因影響對學(xué)生論文評價(jià)的客觀(guān)性和公正性。
4、 畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量標準
(1)選題恰當、與畢業(yè)生的知識水平與認識能力相當;
(2)內容豐富、資料翔實(shí)、論證充分有力;
(3)觀(guān)點(diǎn)正確、邏輯性強、無(wú)違反國家大政方針的觀(guān)點(diǎn);
(4)敘述清楚、層次清晰而豐富;(6)用詞、造句、謀篇、布局等方面無(wú)明顯失誤，修辭錯誤率控制在2%。
論英漢文化背景下的習語(yǔ)翻譯
摘要:著(zhù)名翻譯學(xué)家奈達指出:“對于真正成功的翻譯而言，熟悉兩種文化甚至比掌握兩種語(yǔ)言更為重要，
因為詞語(yǔ)只有在其作用的文化背景下才有意義。”也就是說(shuō)，翻譯不僅與語(yǔ)言有關(guān)也和文化有關(guān)。習語(yǔ)翻譯中對文化差異的研究在中國的翻譯領(lǐng)域中仍然較弱，專(zhuān)門(mén)對中英習語(yǔ)翻譯的研究還不很完善。近20年來(lái)，習語(yǔ)翻譯大多強調語(yǔ)際的交流，而很少涉及文化差異。本文通過(guò)分析中英習語(yǔ)的文化差異，進(jìn)而從文化角度研究中英習語(yǔ)翻譯方法，并指出中英習語(yǔ)翻譯要注意的問(wèn)題:聯(lián)系上下文，選擇與原文風(fēng)格，意思相符的翻譯;文化是一種生活方式，文化在變化，出現新的習語(yǔ)，習語(yǔ)翻譯要與時(shí)俱進(jìn)。
關(guān)鍵詞：習語(yǔ);文化;翻譯
1. Introduction
Idioms universally exist in every language. An Idiom is a word or an expression
that cannot be literally translated from the source language into the target language because its idiomatic meaning cannot be understood by literally defining its component parts.(Background) In a broad sense, idioms contain set phrases, proverbs, colloquialisms, slangs, maxims, allusions, etc. (YinLi, 2007:9) In Chinese, they also include enigmatic folk similes. Newmark, a British translation theorist, in his work A Textbook of Translation, said, "I define as culture the way of life and his manifestation that are peculiar to a community that uses a peculiar language as its means of expression. "(Previous research) English Idioms derives from English cultures and daily life. In real context, idioms explain themselves: nine times out of ten they carry their own explanations. If we are unaware of these, we will find ourselves in a state of confusion since we will assign literal meaning to them. The Chinese Idioms, especially the four-character idioms, have their own unique origins which are closely correlative to the Chinese history and cultures. In view of the difficulties in understanding idioms, we should pay due attention and efforts to understand their cultures and customs. This thesis is designed to dig into the cultural differences between Chinese and English and then elaborates on the translation theories applied to idioms. (Subject + Method)
2. A Comparison Between English and Chinese Idioms
2.1 The Cultural Differences Between English and Chinese Idioms 2.1.1 Geographical Conditions
The formation of culture is closely related with natural geographical conditions. A specific geographical environment produces a specific culture, which also leads to a particular expression.
Great Britain covers islands including the Northern one-sixth of the island of
Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France. It has a moist climate with much rainfall. Rivers and lakes are numerous. No wonder that fishery is thriving and most important in Britain. Accordingly, idioms concerning fish and navigation constitute a great part in English idioms. (LiYuping, 2008:20)(Theory/Results of previous research)
For example, "like a fish out of water". If you feel like fish out of water, you feel awkward and uncomfortable because you are in an unusual and unfamiliar situation. Fish in the air 緣木求魚(yú) An odd fish 怪人 Miss the boat 錯過(guò)機會(huì )
Trim the sails to the wind 順勢前進(jìn)
A small leak will sink a great ship 小洞不補要沉大船 (Examples)
On the other hand, China is located in the Asian Continent and reputed as an agricultural country with a large population of peasants. It is not surprising to find many idioms relevant to farming, such as "骨瘦如柴，對牛彈琴, 眾人拾柴火焰高,竹籃打水一場(chǎng)空......". Chinese people also have a mysterious and awe feeling for sea, so they have idioms like "海角天涯，�？菔癄�，海闊天空，海底撈針，海市蜃樓......". (Analysis)
2.1.2 History
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2.2 The Similarities Between English and Chinese Idioms
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2.2.1 Colours
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2.2.2 Numbers
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3. Methods of Idiom Translation
Translation is far more than a science. It is also a skill, and at the ultimate analysis, fully satisfactory translation is always an art. (Nida, 1982:49) Translation is considered as the cultural bridge and media between two languages. As there are wide differences in vocabulary and syntax between English and Chinese, translation is no easy job. Therefore, in order to keep the flavor of the original as well as cater for both the Chinese and English languages, translation skills should be reasonably employed in the process of translating, such as the following translating methods:
3.1 Literal Translation
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3.2 Free Translation
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3.3 Translation with Notes
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3.4 Replacement with Similar Idioms
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3.5 The Translation of Corresponding Idioms with the Same Meaning
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3.6 A Combination of Literal and Free Translation
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4. Some Warnings Concerning Idiom Translation
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5. Conclusion
One of the major characteristics identifying us as human is our ability to use language. Language plays a very important role in people’s daily life; it enables people communicate with each other and understand others' feelings. Language has close relations with culture. It is impossible to separate language from culture. As the essence of language, idioms also have close relations with culture. The contents of them range from society, history, psychology to customs and other various social phenomena. So, in the process of translation, translators should pay more attention to the cultural factors, in doing this, he can dig up the implicit meanings. (Conclusion of research) Only the cultural factors are concerned, translators can have a satisfactory translation. Besides, people should get acquaintances with the cultural background when using idioms to avoid embarrassment in communication. (Suggestions)
References
[*] 作者. 書(shū)名(英語(yǔ)的斜體). (出版地：)出版社，年份：參考內容頁(yè)碼 [*] 作者. 文章名(英語(yǔ)的斜體). 刊物名稱(chēng). (出版地：)出版社，年份
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[3] Nida Eugene. The theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982
[4] Nida Eugene. Language, Culture, and Translating. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993
[5] Susan Bassnett, Andre Lefevere. Translation, History, Culture. Shanghai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 1987
[6] Luo Shiping. A Research on English Idioms. Shanhai: Shanhai Foreign Language Education Press, 2006
[7] Li Yuping. English Idioms and their Cultural Origin. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2008
[8] Yin Li. English-Chinese Idioms and Folk Culture. Beijing: Bejing university Press, 2007
[9] Zhang Yajun. A Kaleidoscope of Chinese Culture. Beijing: Sinolingua, 2008\
[10] 李云(Li Yun).《新編大學(xué)翻譯教程》. 北京：世界知識出版社, 2007 [11] 馬愛(ài)英(Ma Aiying).《中英文化翻譯》. 北京：科學(xué)出版社, 2006
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